The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Isotropy of the Universe
Abstract
Solutions of the Einstein equations with flat homogeneous spacelike hypersurfaces but anisotropic expansion rates are given in which the effects of viscosity in the radiation, and of anisotropic pressures from collisionless radiation, are included. These show that the present anisotropy of the black-body photon temperature should be less than 003 per cent, independent of the amount of initial anisotropy, if the Universe has cooled to its present state from temperatures above about 2 X 1010 ° K
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Sotiriou, T. P., & Faraoni, V. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.451 · Cited by 4,519
Misner, C. W. (1969) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.22.1071 · Cited by 856
Self-citationMisner, C. W. (1969) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.186.1319 · Cited by 529
Self-citationBojowald, M. (2005) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.12942/lrr-2005-11 · Cited by 723
Ultimate Temperature and the Early Universe
Huang, K., & Weinberg, S. (1970) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.25.895 · Cited by 310
Metadata
- Authors
- Misner, C. W.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1968-02
- Volume
- 151
- Pages
- 431
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2077165246
- Cited by
- 803
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 16.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Isotropy of the Universe. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/149448
- The paper
- Misner, C. W. (1968). The Isotropy of the Universe. The Astrophysical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/149448
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
