The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Trade-off between Child Quantity and Quality
Abstract
An empirical investigation of trade-offs between number of children and their scholastic performance confirms that family size directly affects children's achievement. Though parents show no favoritism to first-born children, being early in the birth order implies a distinct advantage, entirely because of the higher probability of being in a small family. Recent large changes in family size explain a portion of aggregate test score declines, but increased divorce rates and market work by mothers have no apparent impact. Finally, teachers are shown to differ enormously, even though performance differences are poorly captured by commonly measured teacher characteristics. The evidence supports a teacher skill interpretation of differences in classroom achievement.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Becker, G. S. (1991) · doi:10.4159/9780674020665 · Cited by 10,565
An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility
Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1979) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260831 · Cited by 2,243
Cited by
Assessing the Effects of School Resources on Student Performance: An Update
Hanushek, E. A. (1997) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737019002141 · Cited by 1,612
Self-citationTeacher training, teacher quality and student achievement
Harris, D. N., & Sass, T. R. (2011) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.009 · Cited by 1,348
Teacher characteristics and student achievement gains: A review
Wayne, A. J., & Youngs, P. (2003) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543073001089 · Cited by 1,282
Defining “Highly Qualified Teachers”: What Does “Scientifically-Based Research” Actually Tell Us?
Darling-Hammond, L., & Youngs, P. (2002) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x031009013 · Cited by 964
Generalizations about Using Value-Added Measures of Teacher Quality
Hanushek, E. A., & Rivkin, S. G. (2010) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.267 · Cited by 793
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hanushek, E. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Political Economy
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1992-02
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-117
- ISSN
- 0022-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-534X
- OpenAlex
- W2042219705
- Cited by
- 1,181
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 46.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Trade-off between Child Quantity and Quality. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/261808
- The paper
- Hanushek, E. A. (1992). The Trade-off between Child Quantity and Quality. Journal of Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.1086/261808
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
