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Cited by 15,126Astrophysics and Star Formation StudiesCosmology and Gravitation TheoriesGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds

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Schlegel, David J., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Davis, Marc·1998·The Astrophysical Journal
DOI 10.1086/305772
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Abstract

We present a full-sky 100 μm map that is a reprocessed composite of the COBE /DIRBE and IRAS /ISSA maps, with the zodiacal foreground and confirmed point sources removed. Before using the ISSA maps, we remove the remaining artifacts from the IRAS scan pattern. Using the DIRBE 100 and 240 μm data, we have constructed a map of the dust temperature so that the 100 μm map may be converted to a map proportional to dust column density. The dust temperature varies from 17 to 21 K, which is modest but does modify the estimate of the dust column by a factor of 5. The result of these manipulations is a map with DIRBE quality calibration and IRAS resolution. A wealth of filamentary detail is apparent on many different scales at all Galactic latitudes. In high-latitude regions, the dust map correlates well with maps of H I emission, but deviations are coherent in the sky and are especially conspicuous in regions of saturation of H I emission toward denser clouds and of formation of H 2 in molecular clouds. In contrast, high-velocity H I clouds are deficient in dust emission, as expected. To generate the full-sky dust maps, we must first remove zodiacal light contamination, as well as a possible cosmic infrared background (CIB). This is done via a regression analysis of the 100 μm DIRBE map against the Leiden-Dwingeloo map of H I emission, with corrections for the zodiacal light via a suitable expansion of the DIRBE 25 μm flux. This procedure removes virtually all traces of the zodiacal foreground. For the 100 μm map no significant CIB is detected. At longer wavelengths, where the zodiacal contamination is weaker, we detect the CIB at surprisingly high flux levels of 32 ± 13 nW m -2 sr -1 at 140 μm and of 17 ± 4 nW m -2 sr -1 at 240 μm (95% confidence). This integrated flux ~2 times that extrapolated from optical galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field. The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction. To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 μm emission. We find consistent calibration using the B - R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B - V and Mg line strength measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B - V versus Mg 2 index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and moderate reddening. The maps are expected to be significantly more accurate in regions of high reddening. These dust maps will also be useful for estimating millimeter emission that contaminates cosmic microwave background radiation experiments and for estimating soft X-ray absorption. We describe how to access our maps readily for general use.

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Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. Boulanger F., 1996, A&A, 312, 256
  2. Fixsen, D. J., Dwek, E., Mather, J. C., Bennett, C. L. & Shafer, R. A. 1998, ApJ, in press
  3. Hartmann, D., Magnani, L. & Thaddeus, P. 1997, preprint
  4. Herbstmeier U., 1993, A&A, 272, 514
  5. Madau, P. 1997, preprint, astro-ph/9709147 · arXiv
  6. Maddox S. J., 1990, MNRAS, 246, 433
  7. Maddox S. J., 1990, MNRAS, 243, 692
  8. Malkan, M. A. & Stecker, F. W. 1997, preprint, astro-ph/9710072 · arXiv
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  10. Peebles, P. J. E. 1971, Physical Cosmology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press), 59
  11. Puget J. L., 1996, A&A, 308, L5
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  13. Schlegel, D. J. 1995, Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Berkeley
  14. Teerikorpi P., 1990, A&A, 235, 362

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Metadata

Authors
Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Davis, M.
Affiliations
  • Durham University (GB)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
1998-06-20
Volume
500
Issue
2
Pages
525-553
ISSN
  • 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4357
DOI
10.1086/305772
OpenAlex
W2111817932
Cited by
15,126
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 275 · 2025: 413 · 2024: 413 · 2023: 386 · 2022: 415 · 2021: 468 · 2020: 434 · 2019: 504 · 2018: 488 · 2017: 514 · 2016: 693 · 2015: 610 · 2014: 589 · 2013: 727 · 2012: 843
FWCI
225.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
public-domain
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
  • American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Keywords
interstellar dust emission, Galactic extinction, reddening, cosmic infrared background, zodiacal light, dust column density, dust temperature, HI emission, high-velocity clouds, molecular clouds, cosmic microwave background foregrounds, DIRBE, elliptical galaxies, reddening law, cosmic star formation

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