The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Generic Spectrum and Ionization Efficiency of a Heavy Initial Mass Function for the First Stars
Open accessAbstract
We calculate the generic spectral signature of an early population of massive stars at high redshifts. For metal-free stars with mass above 300 M ☉ , we find that the combined spectral luminosity per unit stellar mass is almost independent of the mass distribution of these stars. To zeroth order, the generic spectrum resembles a blackbody with an effective temperature of ~10 5 K, making these stars highly efficient at ionizing hydrogen and helium. The production rate of ionizing radiation per stellar mass by stars more massive than ~300 M ☉ is larger by ~1 order of magnitude for hydrogen and He I and by ~2 orders of magnitude for He II than the emission from a standard initial mass function. This would result in unusually strong hydrogen and helium recombination lines from the surrounding interstellar medium. It could also alleviate the current difficulty of ionizing the intergalactic medium at z ≳ 6 with the cosmic star formation rate inferred at somewhat lower redshifts.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Stellar Structure and Evolution
Kippenhahn, R., Weigert, A., & Weiss, A. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics Library · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30304-3 · Cited by 1,989
Radiation-driven winds in Of stars
Castor, J. I., Abbott, D. C., & Klein, R. I. (1975) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/153315 · Cited by 1,700
Stellar Structure and Evolution
Kippenhahn, R., & Weigert, A. (1990) · Astronomy and Astrophysics Library · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61523-8 · Cited by 1,556
On the Density of Neutral Hydrogen in Intergalactic Space.
Gunn, J. E., & Peterson, B. A. (1965) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/148444 · Cited by 1,363
Observed Properties of Interstellar Dust
Savage, B. D., & Mathis, J. S. (1979) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.17.090179.000445 · Cited by 1,219
Structure and Evolution of Stars
Schwarzschild, M. (1958) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400879175 · Cited by 1,043
Storey, P. J., & Hummer, D. G. (1995) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/272.1.41 · Cited by 980
Kudritzki, R.-P., & Puls, J. (2000) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.613 · Cited by 771
Self-citationRadiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. III. The Nature of Cosmological Ionizing Sources
Madau, P., Haardt, F., & Rees, M. J. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306975 · Cited by 736
Forming the First Stars in the Universe: The Fragmentation of Primordial Gas
Bromm, V., Coppi, P. S., & Larson, R. B. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312385 · Cited by 581
Self-citation
Cited by
Mass loss from hot massive stars
Puls, J., Vink, J. S., & Najarro, F. (2008) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-008-0015-8 · Cited by 630
The formation of the first low-mass stars from gas with low carbon and oxygen abundances
Bromm, V., & Loeb, A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02071 · Cited by 441
Self-citationShang, C., Bryan, G. L., & Haiman, Z. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15960.x · Cited by 300
Detecting the Earliest Galaxies through Two New Sources of 21 Centimeter Fluctuations
Barkana, R., & Loeb, A. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/429954 · Cited by 278
Self-citationConfirmation and refutation of very luminous galaxies in the early Universe
Arrabal Haro, P., Dickinson, M., Finkelstein, S. L., Kartaltepe, J. S., Donnan, C. T., Burgarella, D., Carnall, A. C., Cullen, F., Dunlop, J. S., Fernández, V., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06521-7 · Cited by 236
Metadata
- Authors
- Bromm, V., Kudritzki, R. P., & Loeb, A.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2001-05-10
- Volume
- 552
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 464-472
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2150598036
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 35
- FWCI
- 20.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Generic Spectrum and Ionization Efficiency of a Heavy Initial Mass Function for the First Stars. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/320549
- The paper
- Bromm, V., Kudritzki, R. P., & Loeb, A. (2001). Generic Spectrum and Ionization Efficiency of a Heavy Initial Mass Function for the First Stars. The Astrophysical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/320549
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
