CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 244Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaGamma-ray bursts and supernovae

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Large-Amplitude X-Ray Outbursts from Galactic Nuclei: A Systematic Survey using [ITAL]ROSAT[/ITAL] Archival Data

Open access
Donley, J. L., Brandt, W. N., Eracleous, Michael, Boller, Th.·2002·The Astronomical Journal
DOI 10.1086/342280
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In recent years, luminous X-ray outbursts with variability amplitudes as high as ≈400 have been serendipitously detected from a small number of active and inactive galaxies. These outbursts may result from the tidal disruptions of stars by supermassive black holes, as well as accretion disk instabilities. In order to place the first reliable constraints on the rate of such outbursts in the universe and to test the stellar tidal disruption hypothesis, we have performed a systematic and complete survey for them by cross-correlating ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) and pointed Position Sensitive Proportional Counter data. We have detected five galaxies that were in outburst during the RASS, three of which show no signs of nuclear activity; these objects had been reported on individually in previous studies. After making reasonable corrections for the complicated selection effects, we conclude that the rate of large-amplitude X-ray outbursts from inactive galaxies in the local universe is ≈9.1 × 10 -6 galaxy -1 yr -1 . This rate is consistent with the predicted rate of stellar tidal disruption events in such galaxies. When only the two active galaxies are considered, we find a rate for active galaxies of ≈8.5 × 10 -4 galaxy -1 yr -1 . In order to place tighter constraints on these rates, additional outbursts must be detected.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1086/342280

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 53

  1. Angelini L., 2000, BAAS, 196, 53
  2. 10.1086/177864 · DOI
  3. Arnaud, K. A. 1996, in ASP Conf. Ser. 101, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, ed. G. Jacoby & J. Barnes (San Francisco: ASP), 17
  4. 10.1051/aas:1998339 · DOI
  5. Bade N., 1996, A&A, 309, L35
  6. 10.1051/aas:2000100 · DOI
  7. Boese, F. G. 2002, in preparation · DOI
  8. 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02411.x · DOI
  9. Brandt W. N., 1995, MNRAS, 273, L47, 10.1093/mnras/273.1.L47 · DOI
  10. 10.1086/306478 · DOI
  11. 10.1086/307342 · DOI
  12. 10.1086/300339 · DOI
  13. de Jong R. S., 1996, A&A, 313, 45
  14. de Vaucouleurs G., 1991, Observatory, 111, 122
  15. 10.1086/175104 · DOI
  16. 10.1086/312838 · DOI
  17. Frank J., 1976, MNRAS, 176, 633, 10.1093/mnras/176.3.633 · DOI
  18. 10.1086/312840 · DOI
  19. 10.1086/164079 · DOI
  20. 10.1117/12.409142 · DOI
  21. Greiner J., 2000, A&A, 362, L25
  22. Grupe, D. 2002, in New Visions of the X-ray Universe in the XMM-Newton and Chandra Era (Noordwijk: ESA), in press
  23. Grupe D., 1995, A&A, 299, L5
  24. Grupe D., 1995, A&A, 300, L21
  25. Grupe D., 1999, A&A, 350, L31
  26. 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04092.x · DOI
  27. Gurzadyan V. G., 1980, A&A, 86, 315
  28. Heiles C., 1979, Australian J. Phys. Astrophys. Suppl., 47, 1
  29. 10.1086/192170 · DOI
  30. Komossa S., 1999, A&A, 343, 775
  31. Komossa, S. & Dahlem, M. 2002, in MAXI Workshop on AGN Variability, ed. N. Kawai, H. Negoro, A. Yoshida, & T. Mihara (Riken: Seiyo), 175
  32. Komossa S., 1999, A&A, 349, L45
  33. Li, L. X., Narayan, R. & Menou, K. 2002, ApJ, in press
  34. 10.1086/304814 · DOI
  35. 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x · DOI · Paper page
  36. 10.1086/308868 · DOI
  37. 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04165.x · DOI
  38. 10.1086/192252 · DOI
  39. 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00863-7 · DOI
  40. Packer D., 1891, English Mech., 1389, 239
  41. Parmar A. N., 2001, Observatory, 121, 1164
  42. Peterson, B. M. 1997, An Introduction to Active Galactic Nuclei (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press) · DOI
  43. 10.1086/185102 · DOI
  44. 10.1126/science.247.4944.817 · DOI
  45. 10.1038/378039a0 · DOI
  46. 10.1088/0034-4885/58/11/001 · DOI
  47. Sembay S., 1993, MNRAS, 262, 141, 10.1093/mnras/262.1.141 · DOI
  48. 10.1086/176831 · DOI
  49. 10.1086/191645 · DOI
  50. 10.1086/304783 · DOI
  51. Syer D., 1992, MNRAS, 255, 92, 10.1093/mnras/255.1.92 · DOI
  52. Syer D., 1991, MNRAS, 250, 505, 10.1093/mnras/250.3.505 · DOI
  53. Voges W., 1999, A&A, 349, 389

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 244

Metadata

Authors
Donley, J. L., Brandt, W. N., Eracleous, M., & Boller, T.
Affiliations
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
The Astronomical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2002-09
Volume
124
Issue
3
Pages
1308-1321
ISSN
  • 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-3881
DOI
10.1086/342280
OpenAlex
W2048969047
Cited by
244
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
FWCI
2.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
  • Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
  • Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (CAREER, 9983783)
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • Pennsylvania State University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
Keywords
X-ray outburst, galactic nuclei, tidal disruption, supermassive black holes, accretion disk instabilities, inactive galaxies, active galaxies, ROSAT All-Sky Survey, position-sensitive proportional counter, systematic survey

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Large-Amplitude X-Ray Outbursts from Galactic Nuclei: A Systematic Survey using [ITAL]ROSAT[/ITAL] Archival Data. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/342280
The paper
Donley, J. L., Brandt, W. N., Eracleous, M., & Boller, T. (2002). Large-Amplitude X-Ray Outbursts from Galactic Nuclei: A Systematic Survey using [ITAL]ROSAT[/ITAL] Archival Data. The Astronomical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/342280