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Cited by 913

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Systematic Study of Radio‐induced X‐Ray Cavities in Clusters, Groups, and Galaxies

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Birzan, L., Rafferty, D. A., McNamara, B. R., Wise, M. W., Nulsen, P. E. J.·2004·The Astrophysical Journal
DOI 10.1086/383519
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Abstract

We present an analysis of 16 galaxy clusters, one group, and one galaxy drawn from the Chandra Data Archive. These systems possess prominent X-ray surface brightness depressions associated with cavities or bubbles that were created by interactions between powerful radio sources and the surrounding hot gas. The central galaxies in these systems harbor radio sources with luminosities ranging between ~2 × 10 38 and 7 × 10 44 ergs s -1 . The cavities have an average radius of ~10 kpc, and they lie at an average projected distance of ~20 kpc from the central galaxy. The minimum energy associated with the cavities ranges from pV ~ 10 55 ergs in galaxies, groups, and poor clusters to pV ~ 10 60 ergs in rich clusters. We evaluate the hypothesis that cooling in the hot gas can be quenched by energy injected into the surrounding gas by the rising bubbles. We find that the instantaneous mechanical luminosities required to offset cooling range between 1 pV and 20 pV per cavity. Nearly half of the systems in this study may have instantaneous mechanical luminosities large enough to balance cooling, at least for a short period of time, if the cavities are filled with a relativistic gas. We find a trend or upper envelope in the distribution of central X-ray luminosity versus instantaneous mechanical luminosity, with the sense that the most powerful cavities are found in the most X-ray-luminous systems. Such a trend would be expected if many of these systems produce bubbles at a rate that scales in proportion to the cooling rate of the surrounding gas. Finally, we use the X-ray cavities to measure the mechanical power of radio sources over six decades of radio luminosity, independently of the radio properties themselves. We find that the ratio of the instantaneous mechanical (kinetic) luminosity to the 1.4 GHz synchrotron luminosity ranges typically between a few and roughly a few thousand for luminous radio sources but can be several thousand for weaker sources. This wide range implies that the 1.4 GHz synchrotron luminosity is an unreliable gauge of the mechanical power of radio sources.

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Metadata

Authors
Birzan, L., Rafferty, D. A., McNamara, B. R., Wise, M. W., & Nulsen, P. E. J.
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2004-06
Volume
607
Issue
2
Pages
800-809
ISSN
  • 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4357
DOI
10.1086/383519
OpenAlex
W2046376204
Cited by
913
References
51
FWCI
32.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Systematic Study of Radio‐induced X‐Ray Cavities in Clusters, Groups, and Galaxies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/383519
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Birzan, L., Rafferty, D. A., McNamara, B. R., Wise, M. W., & Nulsen, P. E. J. (2004). A Systematic Study of Radio‐induced X‐Ray Cavities in Clusters, Groups, and Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1086/383519

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.