The DOI matches its Crossref record.
A Novel Immunohistochemical Assay for the Detection of Ebola Virus in Skin: Implications for Diagnosis, Spread, and Surveillance of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is currently performed by virus isolation and serology and can be done only in a few high-containment laboratories worldwide. In 1995, during the EHF outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the possibility of using immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing of formalin-fixed postmortem skin specimens was investigated as an alternative diagnostic method for EHF. Fourteen of 19 cases of suspected EHF met the surveillance definition for EHF and were positive by IHC. IHC, serologic, and virus isolation results were concordant for all EHF and non-EHF cases. IHC and electron microscopic examination showed that endothelial cells, mononuclear phagocytes, and hepatocytes are main targets of infection, and IHC showed an association of cellular damage with viral infection. The finding of abundant viral antigens and particles in the skin of EHF patients suggests an epidemiologic role for contact transmission. IHC testing of formalin-fixed skin specimens is a safe, sensitive, and specific method for laboratory diagnosis of EHF and should be useful for EHF surveillance and prevention.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Amman, B. R., Carroll, S. A., Reed, Z. D., Sealy, T. K., Balinandi, S., Swanepoel, R., Kemp, A., Erickson, B. R., Comer, J. A., Campbell, S., et al. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002877 · Cited by 453
Self-citationPersistent infection with Ebola virus under conditions of partial immunity
Gupta, M., Mahanty, S., Greer, P., Towner, J. S., Shieh, W.-J., Zaki, S. R., Ahmed, R., & Rollin, P. E. (2004) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.78.2.958-967.2004 · Cited by 85
Self-citationPigott, D. C. (2005) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2005.06.007 · Cited by 61
Metadata
- Authors
- Zaki, S. R., Shieh, W., Greer, P. W., Goldsmith, C. S., Ferebee, T., Katshitshi, J., Tshioko, F. K., Bwaka, M. A., Swanepoel, R., Calain, P., Khan, A. S., Lloyd, E., Rollin, P. E., Ksiazek, T. G., Peters, C. J., & the Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit
- Venue
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- s1
- Pages
- S36-S47
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- OpenAlex
- W2021734226
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Novel Immunohistochemical Assay for the Detection of Ebola Virus in Skin: Implications for Diagnosis, Spread, and Surveillance of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/514319
- The paper
- Zaki, S. R., Shieh, W., Greer, P. W., Goldsmith, C. S., Ferebee, T., Katshitshi, J., Tshioko, F. K., Bwaka, M. A., Swanepoel, R., Calain, P., Khan, A. S., Lloyd, E., Rollin, P. E., Ksiazek, T. G., Peters, C. J., & the Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. (1999). A Novel Immunohistochemical Assay for the Detection of Ebola Virus in Skin: Implications for Diagnosis, Spread, and Surveillance of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1086/514319
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
