A new approach for non-intrusive monitoring of blood pressure on a toilet seat
Open accessAbstract
Pulse arrival time (PAT) was measured non-intrusively to estimate each individual's blood pressure. Electrocardiogram (ECG) was measured with copper-coated electrodes and photoplethysmogram (PPG) was measured using a specially designed toilet seat apparatus. Non-intrusively measured PATs were compared with PATs measured by the standard method, and the results showed a good correlation. An equation was used to estimate blood pressure from the measured PAT during a training period for each individual. Estimated blood pressures were compared with measured blood pressures in a series of blood pressure varying experiments. For each individual, the estimated blood pressure was similar to the measured blood pressure within a tolerable error range. This method was also practiced for long-term monitoring, and the results show the value of this method for continuous home monitoring of blood pressure.
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Pulse arrival time (PAT), defined as the time lapse between the ECG R peak and the corresponding PPG valley, is a direct correlate to systolic blood pressure.
“A key example is the measurement of pulse arrival time (PAT), defined by the time lapse between the maximum fiducial point in the ECG signal (R peak) and the corresponding minimal fiducial point in the PPG signal at valley as in Fig. 6H, as a direct correlate to systolic blood pressure (29 , 30).”
From Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
Section 4.1 reports that PAT was significantly, but moderately, correlated with systolic blood pressure. Section 2.2 defines the study’s PAT using the ECG R-peak and the PPG’s maximum first-derivative point, not the PPG valley; it says the minimum point was unclear in its signal. The claimed correlation is supported, but the attributed measurement definition is not. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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References 18 · Cited by 64
- Authors
- Kim, J. S., Chee, Y. J., Park, J. W., Choi, J. W., & Park, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Venue
- Physiological Measurement
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2006-01-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 203-211
- ISSN
- 0967-3334 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6579
- OpenAlex
- W2038964426
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physiological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Korea Science and Engineering Foundation
- Arizona Biomedical Research Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- pulse arrival time, photoplethysmography, electrocardiogram, home blood pressure monitoring, continuous blood pressure estimation, long-term blood pressure monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiography, Femoral Artery, Humans, Male, Blood Pressure Monitors, Photoplethysmography, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
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