The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A gold nanoparticle system for the enhancement of radiotherapy and simultaneous monitoring of reactive-oxygen-species formation
Open accessAbstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are known to sensitize cancer cells to radiation therapy (RT) by increasing the deposition of ionizing energy in their immediate vicinity. However, this process of dose enhancement is challenging to monitor because it is heterogeneous at the sub-cellular scale. Furthermore, radiation damage is primarily mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced following water radiolysis. Here, radiation-responsive PEGylated gold nanoparticles (RPAuNPs) were synthesized for the enhanced generation and concurrent detection of ROS in cancer cells and tumors. PEGylated gold particles (20 nm diameter) were functionalized with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR-123), a known ROS sensor, to monitor ROS generation in their immediate vicinity. These NPs were able to effectively radiosensitize cells, as measured by increased cell apoptosis following RT. Furthermore, the fluorescence of these RPAuNPs was 7-fold higher after 6 Gy RT due to the local production of ROS near the surface of the NP. Finally, multispectral fluorescence imaging was used to monitor NP-induced ROS in vivo, following conformal RT, in a xenograft model of breast cancer. This theranostic NP system provides a novel approach for monitoring the nanoscale enhancement of RT by high-Z metal NPs.
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“High-atomic-number (high-Z) nanomaterials interact differently with kilovoltage and megavoltage photon beams, influencing photoelectric absorption, secondary electron generation, and local energy deposition—the principal physical mechanisms underlying nanoparticle-mediated radiotherapy enhancement [9,10,85,86,88].”
From Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [88]
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“High-Z nanomaterials amplify these effects by increasing local energy deposition and secondary electron generation, thereby enhancing intracellular ROS production and DNA damage [10,85,86,88].”
From Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [88]
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“High-Z nanoparticles enhance ROS generation by increasing local energy deposition and secondary electron emission, thereby amplifying free radical formation and oxidative stress following irradiation [9,10,86,88,102,103].”
From Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [88]
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Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Application of High-Z Nanoparticles to Enhance Current Radiotherapy Treatment
Jackson, N., Cecchi, D., Beckham, W., & Chithrani, D. B. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29112438 · Cited by 52
Lunca, S., Morarasu, S., & Dimofte, G. M. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27146522 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Choi, B. J., Jung, K. O., Graves, E. E., & Pratx, G.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pratx, Guillem
- Venue
- Nanotechnology
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2018-10-09
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 50
- Pages
- 504001
- ISSN
- 0957-4484 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6528
- PMC
- PMC6264885
- OpenAlex
- W2892305945
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 3.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- NIH Office of the Director (1S10OD018208)
- National Cancer Institute (5R21CA193001)
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017M2A2A6A01071157)
- Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (DRR-36-15)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
- Keywords
- gold nanoparticles, radiosensitization, radiotherapy, reactive oxygen species, dihydrorhodamine 123, PEGylated nanoparticles, fluorescence imaging, theranostics, breast cancer xenografts, apoptosis, water radiolysis, radiation enhancement
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Female, Gold, Humans, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Nude, Radiation-Sensitizing Agents, Reactive Oxygen Species, Cell Line, Tumor, Metal Nanoparticles
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