A balanced homodyne detector for high-rate Gaussian-modulated coherent-state quantum key distribution
Open accessAbstract
We discuss the excess noise contributions of a practical balanced homodyne detector (BHD) in Gaussian-modulated coherent-state (GMCS) quantum key distribution (QKD). We point out that the key generated from the original realistic model of GMCS QKD may not be secure. In our refined realistic model , we take into account excess noise due to the finite bandwidth of the homodyne detector and the fluctuation of the local oscillator (LO). A high-speed BHD suitable for GMCS QKD in the telecommunication wavelength region is built and experimentally tested. The 3 dB bandwidth of the BHD is found to be 104 MHz and its electronic noise level is 13 dB below the shot noise at an LO level of 8.5 × 10 8 photons per pulse. The secure key rate of a GMCS QKD experiment with this homodyne detector is expected to reach Mbits s −1 over a few kilometers.
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Building a broadband shot noise-limited homodyne detector operating above a few hundred MHz is technically challenging.
“We remark that building a broadband shot noise-limited homodyne detector operating above a few hundred MHz is technically challenging. 37 -39”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [38]
The Introduction says that pulse-resolving QKD requires detector bandwidth well above the pulse repetition rate and emphasizes the need to develop high-bandwidth detectors. Section 4.3 reports a 104 MHz detector, and section 4.4 reports shot noise above electronic noise at 32 MHz. These passages support the general engineering challenge, but do not establish the specific claim about shot-noise-limited operation above a few hundred MHz. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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References 48 · Cited by 130
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Lo H K 2004 Proc. IEEE ISIT 2004 p 137
- Zhao Y B, Han Z F and Guo G C 2008 Apply current exponential de Finetti theorem to realistic quantum key distribution arXiv:0809.2683v2 · arXiv
- Authors
- Chi, Y.-M., Qi, B., Zhu, W., Qian, L., Lo, H.-K., Youn, S.-H., Lvovsky, A. I., & Tian, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Chonnam National University (KR)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Qian, Li
- Venue
- New Journal of Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 013003
- ISSN
- 1367-2630 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1987141930
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- New Journal of Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
- Mitacs
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Communication Security Techniques
- Keywords
- Gaussian-modulated coherent states, quantum key distribution, excess noise, detector bandwidth, shot noise, secret key rate, telecom wavelengths
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