The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does carbon pricing reduce emissions? A review of ex-post analyses
Open accessAbstract
Carbon pricing has been hailed as an essential component of any sensible climate policy. Internalize the externalities, the logic goes, and polluters will change their behavior. The theory is elegant, but has carbon pricing worked in practice? Despite a voluminous literature on the topic, there are surprisingly few works that conduct an ex-post analysis, examining how carbon pricing has actually performed. This paper provides a meta-review of ex-post quantitative evaluations of carbon pricing policies around the world since 1990. Four findings stand out. First, though carbon pricing has dominated many political discussions of climate change, only 37 studies assess the actual effects of the policy on emissions reductions, and the vast majority of these are focused on Europe. Second, the majority of studies suggest that the aggregate reductions from carbon pricing on emissions are limited—generally between 0% and 2% per year. However, there is considerable variation across sectors. Third, in general, carbon taxes perform better than emissions trading schemes (ETSs). Finally, studies of the EU-ETS, the oldest ETS, indicate limited average annual reductions—ranging from 0% to 1.5% per annum. For comparison, the IPCC states that emissions must fall by 45% below 2010 levels by 2030 in order to limit warming to 1.5 °C—the goal set by the Paris Agreement (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2018). Overall, the evidence indicates that carbon pricing has a limited impact on emissions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Most studies have confirmed the effectiveness of carbon pricing in reducing emissions.”
From The Impact of Carbon Pricing on Corporate Sustainability: Evidence From the European Union (2026) · cites this paper as Green 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These studies reveal a small impact of this type of policy on national emissions.”
From The Impact of Carbon Pricing on Corporate Sustainability: Evidence From the European Union (2026) · cites this paper as Green 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Unruh, G. C. (2000) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(00)00070-7 · Cited by 3,304
Country-level social cost of carbon
Ricke, K., Drouet, L., Caldeira, K., & Tavoni, M. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0282-y · Cited by 860
The effect of carbon tax on per capita CO2 emissions
Lin, B., & Li, X. (2011) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.050 · Cited by 593
Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions: Sweden as a Case Study
Andersson, J. (2019) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20170144 · Cited by 551
The European Union Emissions Trading System reduced CO 2 emissions despite low prices
Bayer, P., & Aklin, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1918128117 · Cited by 545
Report of the high-level commission on carbon prices
Stern, N., & Stiglitz, J. (2017) · doi:10.7916/d8-w2nc-4103 · Cited by 540
Rethinking private authority: agents and entrepreneurs in global environmental governance
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-0517 · Cited by 540
Carbon pricing in practice: a review of existing emissions trading systems
Narassimhan, E. J., Gallagher, K. S., Koester, S., & Alejo, J. R. (2018) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1467827 · Cited by 513
Baranzini, A., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Carattini, S., Howarth, R. B., Padilla, E., & Jusmet, J. R. (2017) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.462 · Cited by 503
Pricing Carbon: The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
Ellerman, A. D., Convery, F. J., de Perthuis, C., Alberola, É., Büchner, B., Delbosc, A., Hight, C., Keppler, J. H., & Matthes, F. C. (2010) · Cited by 481
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Parry, 2019, Putting a price on pollution, Finance Dev., 56, 16
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 529
Green industrial policy can strengthen carbon pricing but not replace it
Jakob, M., & Øverland, I. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103669 · Cited by 25
EFFECTS OF CARBON PRICING AND OTHER CLIMATE POLICIES ON CO 2 EMISSIONS
Kohlscheen, E., Moessner, R., & Takáts, E. (2025) · National Institute Economic Review · doi:10.1017/nie.2025.10066 · Cited by 56
“A comprehensive recent review of the literature on the effects of carbon pricing on carbon emissions is (9).”
Future Development of Renewable Energy in Russia: A Case of Solar Power
Rausser, G. C., Chebotareva, G., Smutka, Ľ., Striełkowski, W., & Shiryaeva, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.862201 · Cited by 20
“Advocates claim that carbon pricing is the most efficient climate policy tool, because it allows the market to distribute and take into account emissions as in other sectors, such as energy efficiency and renewable energy (Maestre-Andrés et al., 2019; Tagliapietra et al., 2019; Green, 2021).”
BackgroundEnvironmental taxes and environmental quality in Canada
Kırıkkaleli, D. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-30616-3 · Cited by 20
“As part of the 2016 Pan-Canadian Framework on Climate Change, Canada implemented a federal carbon price; it continues to negotiate with provinces over its implementation, including legal challenges (Green, 2021).”
BackgroundSaccani, N., Adrodegari, F., & Scalvini, L. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107792 · Cited by 25
Duggan, J. E. (2025) · Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports · doi:10.1007/s40518-024-00248-3 · Cited by 19
“Green [75] conducted a review of ex-post analyses of carbon pricing.”
Prophet-LSTM-BP Ensemble Carbon Trading Price Prediction Model
Meng, F., & Dou, R. (2023) · Computational Economics · doi:10.1007/s10614-023-10384-5 · Cited by 19
“After establishing carbon trading in the EU, US, UK and Australia, carbon emissions have seen marked reductions (Green, 2021).”
Hao, X., Sun, W., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.128150 · Cited by 19
Bouramdane, A.-A. (2024) · Science and Technology for Energy Transition · doi:10.2516/stet/2024021 · Cited by 20
“This can take the form of a tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels or on their carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions [56].”
BackgroundWu, R., & Li, M. (2024) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107361 · Cited by 19
Sæther, S. R. (2021) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2021.06.011 · Cited by 19
Zhang, S., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, J., & Jiang, H. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.135852 · Cited by 18
Tienhaara, K., & Walker, J. J. (2021) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.06.005 · Cited by 18
“However, these policies are increasingly viewed as inadequate on their own (Tvinnereim & Mehling, 2018; Green, 2021).”
BackgroundLi, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119130 · Cited by 18
Ajmi, A. N., Bekun, F. V., Gyamfi, B. A., & Meo, M. S. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21552 · Cited by 18
Huttarsch, J.-H., & Matthies, E. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102356 · Cited by 18
Biancalani, F., Gnecco, G., Metulini, R., & Riccaboni, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70260-6 · Cited by 21
“…incentives to reduce such emissions (in the case of the EU ETS and other policies, such a reduction was highlighted by several studies (i.e., 21,26–36 ) reviewed in Chapter 13 of 24 ; they can stimulate technological change by participants and even other actors not involved in such policies…”
Climate Governance and Federalism in Canada
Harrison, K. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009249676.005 · Cited by 17
Assessing Criticisms of Carbon Pricing
van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., & Botzen, W. J. W. (2024) · International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1561/101.00000172 · Cited by 18
Carbon-free Electricity Supply in a Cournot Wholesale Market: Israel
Milstein, I., Tishler, A., & Woo, C. K. (2024) · The Energy Journal · doi:10.5547/01956574.45.2.imil · Cited by 17
Does a Carbon Tax Reduce CO 2 Emissions? Evidence From British ColumbiaPreprint
Pretis, F. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3329512 · Cited by 17
Effects of Carbon Pricing and Other Climate Policies on CO 2 EmissionsPreprint
Kohlscheen, E., Moessner, R., & Takáts, E. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3943030 · Cited by 17
Han, Z., Wang, L., & Zhao, F. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135719 · Cited by 16
Baer, M., Gasparini, M., Lancaster, R., & Ranger, N. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2023.1146402 · Cited by 25
Niu, J., Wu, J., Qin, W., Wang, L., Yang, C., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., & Qi, Q. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acec03 · Cited by 16
“The fifth generation of European Reanalysis (ERA5) data is the current largest global reanalysis product proposed by the European Centre forMedium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (Hersbach et al 2020, Jiang et al 2020). The land component of the fifth generation of European Reanalysis (ERA5-Land) data (2019) provides…”
BackgroundInfluentialEmissions trading scheme participation and firms’ cash holdings
Sakariyahu, R., Lawal, R., Kwansa, N. A., Ahmed, A., & Adamolekun, G. (2023) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2023.104565 · Cited by 16
Sera Gazı Emisyonu Azaltımı için Karbonun Fiyatlanması: Karbon Vergisi mi Emisyon Ticareti mi?
Karakaya, E., AKKOYUN, G., & Hiçyılmaz, B. (2023) · Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Arastirmalari Dergisi · doi:10.30784/epfad.1367596 · Cited by 16
Tamasiga, P., Onyeaka, H. N., Bakwena, M., & Ouassou, E. H. (2024) · International Journal of Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1080/14786451.2024.2362334 · Cited by 18
“To address environmental concerns, many countries have implemented carbon pricing as a policy tool (Aldy and Stavins 2012; Best and Zhang 2020; Best, Burke, and Jotzo 2020; Green 2021; Narassimhan et al. 2018).”
A decomposition-ensemble-integration framework for carbon price forecasting
Li, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Li, J., & Chu, X. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124954 · Cited by 18
Arogundade, S., & Hassan, A. S. (2024) · World Development Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.wds.2024.100189 · Cited by 16
Adnan, M. A. (2025) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107634 · Cited by 18
WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THE GREEN NEW DEAL ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF EQUITY IN NATIONAL CLIMATE POLICY
Konisky, D. M., & Carley, S. R. (2021) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22314 · Cited by 16
“One recent review of empirical analyses determined that carbon pricing has generated annual emissions reductions of just zero to 2 percent, with some evidence that carbon taxes perform better than cap-and-trade programs (Green, 2021).”
BackgroundAljafen, B. N., Shaikh, N., Alkhalifah, J. M., & Meo, S. A. (2025) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-025-04142-3 · Cited by 15
Poortinga, W. (2025) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2025.2539977 · Cited by 24
“Although carbon taxes tend to outperform emissions trading schemes (Green, 2021), their success depends on being set at sufficiently high levels (Haites, 2018).”
Turner, K. R., Alabi, O., Katris, A., & Swales, K. J. (2022) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106393 · Cited by 15
THE GREEN NEW DEAL AND THE FUTURE OF CARBON PRICING
Fischer, C., & Jacobsen, G. D. (2021) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22313 · Cited by 14
Price elasticity of CO2 emissions in China: A machine learning approach
Lei, H., Xue, M., Liu, H., & Ye, J. (2023) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2023.01.005 · Cited by 14
Zeng, Y., Zhang, W., Sun, J., Sun, L., & Wu, J. Y. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16186654 · Cited by 14
Assessing the effectiveness of emissions trading schemes: evidence from China
Wu, X., Qiu, W., & Guo, S. (2023) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2023.2282481 · Cited by 14
“Most quantitative studies have indicated that the overall in fl uence of low-price ETS on the reduction of emissions is limited (Green, 2021).”
BackgroundIdentifying and tracking climate change mitigation strategies with a cluster-based assessment
D’Arcangelo, F. M., Kruse, T., & Pisu, M. (2024) · npj Climate Action · doi:10.1038/s44168-024-00158-6 · Cited by 20
“11,12).”
Far from optimal? Exploring the normative premises and politics of carbon pricing
Huwe, V., & Frick, M. (2021) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102458 · Cited by 14
Ismagilova, O. (2023) · St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies · doi:10.21638/spbu05.2023.402 · Cited by 13
Song, C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294269 · Cited by 13
RetractedHooper, R., Goyal, N., Blok, K., & Scholten, L. (2024) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-024-09548-3 · Cited by 16
“From the 14 meta-reviews on ETS identified in our search, we selected two: Green (2021 ), due to its explicit ex-post and quantitative direction encompassing studies from all major ETS juris-dictions, and Schmalensee and Stavins ( 2017) due to its specific discussion on political con - Fig.”
InfluentialDoes uncertainty affect the relationship between green bond and carbon markets?
Kim, B., Dong, X., & Yoon, S. (2024) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2024.106370 · Cited by 13
Kerr, S., & Hu, X. (2025) · npj Climate Action · doi:10.1038/s44168-025-00220-x · Cited by 13
“Although many studies have examined the heterogeneous effects of existing carbon markets on emission reductions within speci fi c countries or sectors 57,58 , no amount of detailed analysis about further assumptions such as capital leverage ratios or the scale of international carbon markets .”
Tantangan dan Strategi dalam Proses Implementasi Kebijakan Pajak Karbon
Tjoanto, A. K., & Tambunan, M. R. U. D. (2022) · Jurnal Riset Akuntansi & Perpajakan (JRAP) · doi:10.35838/jrap.2022.009.02.20 · Cited by 13
Targeting 1.5 degrees with the global carbon footprint of the Australian Capital Territory
Goodwin, K., Allen, C., Teh, S. H., Li, M., Fry, J., Lenzen, M., Farrelly, S., León, C., Lewis, S. R., Chen, G., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.006 · Cited by 13
Liu, M., Hao, R., Han, L., Zhou, G., & Li, L. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110458 · Cited by 12
Ethics of carbon pricing – a review of the literature
Magnetti, J., Dominioni, G., & Gordijn, B. (2024) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2024.2416493 · Cited by 14
“Green (2021) reviews several ex-post evaluations of carbon pricing instruments implemented since 1990 and finds that carbon pricing has limited impacts on emissions reductions.”
Impact of carbon charge policy on mode shifts in public transportation
Zhao, C., Tang, J., Hu, L., Hu, C., & Dai, G. (2024) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104491 · Cited by 12
Does Carbon Pricing Matter? Evidence from a Global Sample
Al-Abdulqader, K. S., Ibrahim, A.-J., Ong, J., & Khalifa, A. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18051030 · Cited by 12
Huang, S., Du, C., Xian, J., Zhang, D., Wen, S., Wang, Y., Cheng, Z., & Jia, Z. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15239162 · Cited by 12
Intensity-Based Rebating of Emission Pricing Revenues
Christoph Böhringer, A., Fischer, C., & Rivers, N. J. (2022) · Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists · doi:10.1086/723645 · Cited by 12
“…the social cost of carbon.1 Experts worry that the resulting low levels of carbon prices implemented worldwide are insufficient to drive substantial emission reductions in a time frame consistent with stabilization of atmospheric temperatures within the targets of the Paris Agreement (Green 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialTöbben, J., Pichler, P., Jaccard, I. S., Kratena, K., Moran, D. D., Zheng, H., & Weisz, H. (2023) · Environmental Research Climate · doi:10.1088/2752-5295/aceea0 · Cited by 12
“…purchases is to reduce carbon emissions by creating incentives to reduce fossil fuel consumption in the short term and to encourage the adoption of more energy-and carbon-efficient technologies in the medium to long term (Metcalf 2009, Edelstein and Kilian 2019, Green 2021, Lilliestam et al 2021).”
BackgroundNetwork evolutionary game analysis of green credit: A perspective of carbon emissions trading
Li, J., Li, S., Zhang, Y., & Tang, X. (2023) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.4064 · Cited by 12
Exploring the Landscape of Canadian Climate Policy
Winter, J. (2024) · Canadian Public Policy · doi:10.3138/cpp.2023-055 · Cited by 13
“…results is that I have not engaged in a systematic review or meta-analysis of specific policy instruments or a spe-cific research area—e.g., Copeland and Taylor (2004), Green (2021b), or Köppl and Schratzenstaller (2023)—or a review of Canadian scholars’ contributions (Copeland and Taylor 2017).”
The Multi-Visit Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones under Carbon Trading Mechanism
Xiao, Q., & Gao, J. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16146145 · Cited by 11
Is Australia's urban-regional schism on climate reality or rhetoric?
Colvin, R. M., Jotzo, F., & Fielding, K. S. (2024) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103446 · Cited by 11
Attari, S. Z. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.04.008 · Cited by 11
Environmental policy stringency and CO2 emissions
Frohm, E., D’Arcangelo, F. M., Kruse, T., Pisu, M., & Sila, U. (2023) · OECD Economics Department working papers · doi:10.1787/53ddcef7-en · Cited by 11
Climate policy support in the UK: An interaction of worldviews and policy types
Bretter, C., & Schulz, F. (2024) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12570 · Cited by 11
“However, empirical ex-post analyses suggest that command- and-control policies have been responsible for the greatest reduction of emissions (Cullenward & Victor, 2020; Green, 2021; Haites, 2018).”
Afrifa‐Yamoah, E., & Osei, P. M. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178894 · Cited by 10
Ugrinov, S. (2025) · Economic Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2025.101308 · Cited by 10
Wang, X., Jin, W., & Stan, S. E. (2025) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2025.04.020 · Cited by 10
Green, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108915199.004 · Cited by 11
Self-citationCarbon Pricing and the Elasticity of Co2 EmissionsPreprint
Rafaty, R., Dolphin, G., & Pretis, F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4188459 · Cited by 12
Xiong, B., & Sui, Q. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151712989 · Cited by 9
Kettner, C., Leoni, T., Köberl, J., Kortschak, D., Kirchner, M., Sommer, M., Wallenko, L., Bachner, G., Mayer, J., Spittler, N., et al. (2024) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107783 · Cited by 10
Wei, Y., Hu, R., Zhang, J., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2024.105913 · Cited by 10
Modern finance theory and practice and the Anthropocene
Tarım, E. (2021) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2021.1994537 · Cited by 10
“…of the EU ETS, only a fraction of this reduction is attributed to the EU ETS directly, and the rest to long-term trends in the economy (for example, deindustrialisation), a ‘dash for gas’ and renewables on the back of national regulations and subsidies (see Green 2021 for an exhaustive review).”
BackgroundThe ecological crisis and post-Keynesian economics – bridging the gap?
Huwe, V., & Rehm, M. (2022) · European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies Intervention · doi:10.4337/ejeep.2022.03.08 · Cited by 12
Policy approaches to mitigate in-use methane emissions from natural gas use as a marine fuel
Laskar, I. I., & Giang, A. (2023) · Environmental Research Infrastructure and Sustainability · doi:10.1088/2634-4505/accf33 · Cited by 9
“However, ex-post analyses have shown that to date, the impact of carbon pricing on GHG emissions reductions has been limited [30].”
BackgroundContextualizing coal communities for Australia’s new Net Zero Authority
Colvin, R. M. (2023) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-023-01307-7 · Cited by 9
Mintz‐Woo, K. (2023) · Global Challenges · doi:10.1002/gch2.202300089 · Cited by 9
Linsenmeier, M., Mohommad, A., & Schwerhoff, G. (2022) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9798400203763.001 · Cited by 9
Boyce, S., & He, F. (2023) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113765 · Cited by 11
Nachtigall, D., Ellis, J., & Errendal, S. (2022) · OECD environment working papers · doi:10.1787/8f030bcc-en · Cited by 12
Microalgae and Its Potential to Generate Carbon Credits
Schneider, A. T., Dias, R. R., Deprá, M. C., Zepka, L. Q., & Lopes, E. J. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527843367.ch27 · Cited by 10
Air travellers’ attitudes towards carbon emissions: evidence from the Google Flights interface
Crosby, P., Thompson, D., & Best, R. (2024) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2024.2412161 · Cited by 8
“However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of such measures in reducing emissions (Green, 2021).”
Rosenbloom, D. (2024) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2024.100956 · Cited by 8
Moya, M. J., Martínez-Gómez, J., Carabajo, C., Toapanta, A., & Cruz, C. (2025) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-025-02487-9 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, studies have indicated that water quality in some mining areas does not meet regulatory standards, and the introduction of new processing plants in industrial zones has led to issues such as power line saturation and voltage instability (IIGE, 2020, 2021).”
Lilliestam, J., Eckardt, J., & Bersalli, G. (2025) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101390 · Cited by 8
Mission accomplished? A post-assessment of EU ETS impact on power sector emissions reduction
ESLAHI, M., Cretì, A., & Sanin, M. E. (2025) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108784 · Cited by 12
Meyer, M., Löschel, A., & Lutz, C. (2021) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ac02ad · Cited by 12
A review contribution to emission trading schemes and low carbon growth
Aboagye, E. M., Zeng, C., Owusu, G., Mensah, F., Afrane, S., Ampah, J. D., & Brenyah, S. A. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-27673-z · Cited by 10
“Focusing on the EU ETS, some researchers have used panel data to explore the fundamental effect of ETS on mitigating carbon emissions (Fremstad et al. 2021; Heiaas 2021; Koch and Basse 2019; Muttitt and Kartha 2020).”
MethodCarbon Pricing Under Pressure: Withering Markets?
Gulbrandsen, L. H., & Wettestad, J. (2022) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v10i1.5437 · Cited by 8
The Effect of Carbon Pricing on Firm Emissions: Evidence from the Swedish CO2 TaxPreprint
Martinsson, G., Strömberg, P. J., Sajtos, L., & Thomann, C. J. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4206508 · Cited by 8
The impact of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on trade in the Russia‐Ukraine war context
Yang, Y., Wu, H., Hsu, S., Chi, P., & Lin, C. (2024) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.4228 · Cited by 7
Lel, U. (2024) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.02372 · Cited by 7
Finley, A., He, W., Huang, H., & Hon, C. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162310542 · Cited by 7
Theorising unconventional climate advocates and their relationship to the environmental movement
Colvin, R. M., Gulliver, R., Wang, X., Adhikari, A., Boddington, S. J., Fielding, K. S., & Louis, W. R. (2025) · npj Climate Action · doi:10.1038/s44168-025-00217-6 · Cited by 7
“Australia was the fi rst developed nation to repeal a price on carbon 11 , climate change has been implicated in the overturnofseveralPrimeMinisters 12 – 14 andAustraliahas,formultipleyears, been singled out by the international community for climate action recal-citrance(e.g. 15,16 ).”
Modelling the impacts of policy sequencing on energy decarbonization
Luo, H., Peng, W., Fawcett, A. A., Green, J., Iyer, G. C., Meckling, J., Nahm, J., & Victor, D. G. (2025) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-025-02497-6 · Cited by 8
“For instance, a recent meta-analysis estimated that carbon pricing policies have achieved large emission reductions, with effects ranging from 5% to 21% across different schemes 54 , which is larger than suggested by some earlier reviews that used a more qualitative approach 55 .”
Self-citationMaechler, S., & Graz, J. (2024) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/13540661241226473 · Cited by 7
“Carbon pricing has not produced the desired environmental outcomes when applied to multinationals; reductions on emissions are limited (Green, 2021).”
The Climate Establishment and the Paris partnerships
Green, J. (2024) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-024-03730-5 · Cited by 7
“Most carbon pricing policies encourage efficiency or fuel-switching rather than real progress toward decarbonization (Green 2021).”
Self-citationHealth co-benefits and trade-offs of carbon pricing: a narrative synthesis
Cuevas, S., Nachtigall, D., Jaber, A. A., Belesova, K., Falconer, J., Haines, A., Reynolds, T., Schuster, T. M., Whitmee, S., & Green, R. (2024) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2024.2356822 · Cited by 8
“In recent years it has been argued by many that CP interventions cannot, on their own, drive the necessary changes to achieve deep decarbonization throughout society and meet climate targets (Green, 2021; Hepburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWang, H., Ploegmakers, H., van der Krabben, E., & Meijerink, S. V. (2024) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108277 · Cited by 7
Voeten, E. (2024) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/732952 · Cited by 7
Clift, B. (2024) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2024.2441226 · Cited by 9
“The institution’s degree of faith in reformed carbon markets and ‘efficient pricing’ is, we argue, misplaced (see e.g. Cullenward & Victor, 2020; Green, 2021; Köppl & Schrat-zenstaller, 2023).”
Impact evaluation of the carbon tax in Chile using the difference-in-differences method
López, R. F., & Cristián Mardones, P. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.134863 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Green, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Green, Jessica F
- ORCID
- Green, Jessica F
- Venue
- Environmental Research Letters
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2021-03-24
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 043004
- ISSN
- 1748-9326 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3118647971
- Cited by
- 530
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 38
- FWCI
- 66.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Research Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
- Keywords
- carbon pricing, carbon tax, emissions trading scheme, EU Emissions Trading System, emission reduction, climate policy effectiveness, ex-post evaluation, sectoral emissions, internalization of externalities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
