The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 10 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building
Open accessAbstract
The EU funded project RE 4 (REuse and REcycling of CDW materials and structures in energy efficient pREfabricated elements for building REfurbishment and construction) looks into opportunities for prefabricated, CDW timber elements (structural and non-structural) for circular buildings. Main goal is to minimise resource consumption for building construction but also waste generation related to building dismantling. An innovative design concept for a fully reversible, prefabricated, multi-story residential building from waste wood has been established that reflects robust but flexible and adaptable solutions to extend the buildings-life cycle. Reversible connections, reusable elements and recyclable materials shall minimise future waste generation, when such buildings reach their end of life. A prefabricated façade element manufactured for a two-story prototype shall deliver figures for easy installation, dismantling and future reuse. The study aims to show how current challenges can be overcome and design for disassembly can be promoted.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper presents a design concept for prefabricated structural and non-structural elements made from construction and demolition waste (CDW) timber for reversible, circular buildings. It reports initial trials for glulam beams/columns and a non-load-bearing façade element, with high material recovery and reversible connections tested at lab scale.
Key findings
- Load-bearing beams and columns were developed from CDW timber lamellas using glulam principles; final strength class of assessed timber achieved either C16 or C24, suitable for structural timber elements.
- The non-load-bearing prefabricated façade element used a timber frame, wood fibre boards, blow-in insulation, weatherboards, and earthen plaster; the overall material that could be recycled from processed planks summed up to approx. 90%.
- Developed elements can be classified according to DIN 68800 as use class 0, so application of wood preservatives is not required.
- Initial reversible connection studies were only at lab scale, but both timber-in-timber and metal connections were suitable to enable reversible connections and enabled complete dismantling of elements and components.
Methods
- The work was part of the EU-funded RE4 project, developing prefabricated CDW timber elements for a reversible, multi-story residential building; a prefabricated façade element was manufactured for a two-story prototype.
- Salvaged CDW timber was assessed through on-site inspections, certified lab testing for wood preservatives, metal detection, and strength grading according to DIN 4074-1:2012 and EN 338:2016.
- Initial trials joined lamellas of 4/6/12 cm x 4 cm with glue in vertical and horizontal directions; material yield after cleaning and cutting was documented in Table 1.
Limitations
- The paper states that reversible connection studies were only carried out at lab scale, additional studies and testing are required, and the reversible building concept needs approval in real application.
- The paper states that the environmental benefit of reuse/recycling is currently under investigation, and the expected increased service life from using waste wood must be verified through further investigations.
- Evident from the text: no drying chamber was available, so the average moisture level of 20% required for strength grading was not always achieved; carpenter connections were more time consuming due to lack of appropriate machinery; only solid sections had been manufactured so far, and commercial products were used for some components.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
1 of 10 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since the 1950's different research projects established that the influence of aging can be neglected if the state of conservation and other impurities are surveyed carefully [12].”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 5.1. Prerequisites
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] Cavalli, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction dates systematic research to the 1950s and distinguishes decay and load history from aging. The Conclusions say most studies found bending strength and stiffness unchanged or only insignificantly reduced, but results are not always consistent and impact bending strength is largely affected by aging. The source therefore does not establish that aging can generally be neglected merely by carefully surveying conservation and other factors; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, different usable sections, various cut offs, shaves and sawdust were obtained.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.2. Non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On-site inspections have proved to be an appropriate strategy to identify whether existing timber structures might be suitable for a direct reuse or recycling.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.1. Prerequisites
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On-site investigations were also suitable for the assessment of timber regarding insect and fungi infestation.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.1. Prerequisites
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it could be proved by means of simple metal detectors that all metal impurities were identified.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.1. Prerequisites
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The final strength class of the assessed timber achieved either C16 or C24, which is suitable for the development of structural timber elements.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.1. Prerequisites
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although, strength grading according to standard has been carried out on cleaned timber sections, initial on-site assessments delivered reliable results regarding the general structural capacity of the installed timber components and elements.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.1. Prerequisites
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cracks and branches were cut off without major losses of material.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.2. Material and design concept for load bearing timber elements
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, results so far enabled the complete dismantling of elements and components.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.4. Reversible connections
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall material that could be recycled from processed planks summed up to approx.90 %.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.3. Material and design concept for non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial trials have been undertaken and lamellas of 4/6/12 cm x 4 cm have been joined with glue in vertical and horizontal direction.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.1. Load bearing timber beams and columns
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it could be established through firm lab testing that not all constructions were treated with wood preservatives so that salvaged timber could be directly reused.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.1. Prerequisites
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, both concepts, timber in timber but also metal connections are suitable to enable reversible connections at component but also element level.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.4. Reversible connections
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Reversible connections at component and element level but also within elements are key to enable the reuse and recycling of building parts.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Material efficient construction could be achieved through application of standardised sizes for lamellas.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.2. Material and design concept for load bearing timber elements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of glue for connection of single lamellas has proven to be very time and cost efficient and delivers frictional connections also for waste wood.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.2. Material and design concept for load bearing timber elements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Encouragingly enough, the production of the final element was entirely carried out with hand machinery.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.3. Material and design concept for non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carpenter connections were more time consuming due to the lack of appropriate machinery.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.4. Reversible connections
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the use of high quality materials shall further increase the durability as well as the lifespan of the component and therefor also the building.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.4. Design concept for reversible buildings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The design concept for a prefabricated, reversible, rear ventilated façade element made from CDW timber proposes a non-load bearing timber frame construction.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.2. Non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Reversible connections at component and element level but also within elements are key to enable the reuse and recycling of building parts.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As access to a drying chamber could not be established, timber was not technically dried so that the average moisture level of 20% required for strength grading was not always achieved.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 2.1.4. Strength grading.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The column system offers the highest level of flexibility when it comes to adaptation of floor layouts (Figure 23).”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.4. Design concept for reversible buildings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weatherboards can be dismantled, planed to remove decayed parts and further processed for the use of wood chips, suitable for the production of chip boards or wood fibre boards or insulation.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.2. Non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All structural parts offer similar potential for a timber cascade.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.2. Non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2014 the building sector contributed with approx.750 million tons of construction and demolition waste (CDW) significantly to the overall waste generation in Europe [1].”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, a high level of flexibility, decent ceiling heights and opportunities for adaptation shall generally increase the service life of a building (Figure 22).”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.4. Design concept for reversible buildings
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The non-load bearing facade system allows for a complete exchange of the elements, once they have reached their end of life or in case of a use change of the building requires a different configuration.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 3.4. Design concept for reversible buildings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reversible connections based on metal fittings are not common in modern timber construction to date.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 5.3. Reversible connections
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial studies were only carried out at lab scale.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.4. Reversible connections
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high level of CDW timber that could be integrated into all components and elements demonstrates the enormous potential of this approach for minimisation of both, CDW generation but also resource consumption.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 5.2. Material and design concept for load bearing and non-load bearing timber elements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The use of timber in construction offers generally much higher potential for reversible buildings in comparison to massive construction.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nail plates would have to be removed to bring sections covered with metal back into the material cycle.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.3. Material and design concept for non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finger joints make the recycling of CDW timber very attractive as defects can be cut out and shorter pieces can be finger jointed into an endless lamella that in turn can be cut into the required length.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 5.1. Prerequisites
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The material is much lighter and enables dry connections.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.5. Design concept for reversible buildings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Especially in timber construction 3D modelling is a common approach.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 5.4. Design concept for reversible buildings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although not tested in the lab, industrial finger joints enable the incorporation of shorter sections.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.2. Material and design concept for load bearing timber elements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although only solid sections have been manufactured so far, the usage of cut offs for production of other components seems a viable solution.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.3. Material and design concept for non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Fraunhofer Institute developed a prototype for an on-site measurement device, which could be an opportunity to upgrade the classification of wood from demolition sites [13].”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 5.1. Prerequisites
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the concept of material purity is easier to achieve for structural elements as timber is able to take compressive, tensile and shear loads.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.5. Design concept for reversible buildings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar to beams and columns, the façade element can be classified according to DIN 68800 as use class 0, due to special constructive measures, set out in [11].Therefore, the application of wood preservatives is not required.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.3. Material and design concept for non-load bearing, prefabricated timber façade elements
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, the separation of elements according to their life spans seems to deliver viable and long-lasting buildings.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.5. Design concept for reversible buildings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Skeleton systems are well known for a greater level of flexibility.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without modern industrial trimming machines, carpenter connections are economically not viable.”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 5.3. Reversible connections
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As developed elements can be classified according to DIN 68800 as use class 0, the application of wood preservatives is not required [11].”
§ Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building > 4.2. Material and design concept for load bearing timber elements
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Existing buildings were not designed for disassembly, causing vast amounts of construction and demolition waste to be directed to landfill.
“Vast amounts are still directed to landfill, as existing buildings were not designed for disassembly.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Timber elements from existing buildings are predominantly classified as Waste Wood Class AIV, so thermal recovery is the only exploitation method.
“To avoid time consuming investigations related to the application of wood preservatives, timber elements are predominantly classified as Waste Wood Class AIV.This in turn implies thermal recovery as only exploitation method.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cheap access to fresh wood, low disposal cost, and time-consuming detection methods for wood preservatives are currently the main barriers for circular timber construction.
“Cheap access to fresh wood, low disposal cost and time-consuming detection methods for application of wood preservatives are currently the main barriers for circular timber construction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reversible connections at component and element level but also within elements are key to enable the reuse and recycling of building parts.
“Reversible connections at component and element level but also within elements are key to enable the reuse and recycling of building parts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Skeleton systems are well known for a greater level of flexibility.
“Although the developed concept needs to be approved in real application, skeleton systems are well known for a greater level of flexibility.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The use of timber in construction offers generally much higher potential for reversible buildings in comparison to massive construction.
“The use of timber in construction offers generally much higher potential for reversible buildings in comparison to massive construction.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Sawdust percentage does not match its volume
MinorThe listed sawdust volume of 4.61 dm3 is about 10.69% of the 43.14 dm3 total, which rounds to 11%, not the stated 10%.
Reported 10 · recomputed 10.686138
“Sawdust 25 liters / 1.74 kg 4.61 10”
Offcut 5 percentage is overstated
MinorOffcut 5 has a reported volume of 0.02 dm3 out of 43.14 dm3, or about 0.046% of the total, not 0.5%.
Reported 0.5 · recomputed 0.046361
“Offcut 5 (cross) (OC 5) 0.25 0.48 0.18 0.02 0.5”
Claim that all components are CDW timber conflicts with specified finish
MinorThe building description says all elements and components are made of CDW timber, but the façade design specifies an interior plaster made from recycled aggregate.
“All elements and components are made out of CDW timber.”
“An earthen plaster made from recycled aggregate is applied as final finish to the interior, to provide a healthy and comfortable interior climate.”
DIN 4074-1 citation points to a different work
MinorThe strength-grading section cites [8] for DIN 4074-1:2012, but reference [8] is a work by Weimann and colleagues, not that standard.
“Classification according to DIN 4074-1:2012 [8]”
“8. Weimann, K.; et al.: Optimierung des Rückbaus/Abbaus von Gebäuden zur Rückgewinnung und Aufbereitung von Baustoffen unter Schadstoffentfrachtung (insbes. Sulfat) des RC- Materials sowie ökobilanzieller Vergleich von Primär-und Sekundärrohstoffeinsatz inkl.”
Offcut 6 percentage does not match its volume
MinorOffcut 6 has a reported volume of 0.29 dm3 out of 43.14 dm3, or about 0.67%, rather than the stated 0.5%.
Reported 0.5 · recomputed 0.67223
“Offcut 6 (longitude) (OC 6) 26.7 0.05 0.22 0.29 0.5”
Citations
Cites
A review on the mechanical properties of aged wood and salvaged timber
Cavalli, A., Cibecchini, D., Togni, M., & Sousa, H. S. (2016) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.001 · Cited by 155
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Unresolved
Flagged first, then by citations
13 of the 13 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ossio, F., Salinas, C., & Hernández, H. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137738 · Cited by 179
The ecodesign methodologies to achieve buildings’ deconstruction: A review and framework
Munaro, M. R., Tavares, S. F., & Bragança, L. (2021) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.12.032 · Cited by 89
Mañes-Navarrete, D., Santafé, M. R., & Ignacio, P.-Z. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110619 · Cited by 29
Taxonomy of design for deconstruction options to enable circular economy in buildings
Pristerà, G., Tonini, D., Tornaghi, M. L., Caro, D., & Sala, S. (2024) · Resources Environment and Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.resenv.2024.100153 · Cited by 33
Taxonomy supporting design strategies for reuse of building parts in timber-based construction
Lisco, M., & Aulin, R. (2023) · Construction Innovation · doi:10.1108/ci-11-2022-0293 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Klinge, A., Roswag-Klinge, E., Paganoni, S., Radeljic, L., & Lehmann, M.
- Corresponding author
- Klinge, A
- Venue
- IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2019-08-01
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 012022
- ISSN
- 1755-1315 (ISSN-L)
- 1755-1307
- OpenAlex
- W2971363261
- Semantic Scholar
- de83e3dee470ac364e8e2539342df3ed7dfa5f8c
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Commission (723583)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Design and Development
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › BIM and Construction Integration
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Building Design and Assessment
- Keywords
- construction and demolition waste, prefabricated building components, circular buildings, design for disassembly, prefabricated facades, multi-storey residential buildings, building renovation, end-of-life buildings, waste reduction, resource efficiency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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