Localized Functional Neurochemical Marker Abnormalities in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Abstract
Background Neurobiological abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although OCD commonly arises during childhood and adolescence, to our knowledge, no prior study has examined prefrontal cortex neurochemistry in pediatric patients with OCD. Methods A multislice spectroscopic imaging sequence with validated phantom replacement methodology was used to measure N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), a putative neuronal marker; choline compounds (Cho); and creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr) in right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 15 treatment-naïve OCD patients, 8-15 years of age, and 15 case-matched healthy comparison subjects. Results A significant increase (21% higher) in NAA was observed in left but not right DLPFC in OCD patients versus control subjects. No significant differences in Cho or Cr were observed between groups in left or right DLPFC. Conclusions These results provide new evidence of localized functional neurochemical marker alterations in left DLPFC in pediatric OCD. Increased left DLPFC NAA may represent neuronal hypertrophy or hyperplasia, glial hypoplasia, and/or abnormal pruning of neural brain elements in DLPFC.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Neuroimaging studies have identified that OCD patients exhibit localised excessive neurochemical marker activity compared to healthy controls in brain regions associated with performance monitoring.
“Furthermore, neuroimaging studies have identified that OCD patients exhibit localised excessive neurochemical marker (e.g. N-acetyl-aspartate) activity compared to HCs in brain regions that are thought to be associated with performance monitoring, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Carter et al., 1998; Russell et al., 2003).”
From Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with increased engagement of frontal brain regions across multiple event-related potentials (2023) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2003
Several studies have reported neuroimaging evidence of structural and neurochemical anomalies in the DLPFC in OCD.
“Additionally, several studies have reported neuroimaging evidence of structural and neurochemical anomalies in the DLPFC in OCD (De Wit et al., 2014; Russell et al., 2003).”
From Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with increased engagement of frontal brain regions across multiple event-related potentials (2023) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2003
Cites
Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR
Eslinger, P. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1985) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.35.12.1731 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Baxter, L. R. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090009002 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
Rauch, S. L. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010062008 · Cited by 880 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, increased left DLPFC levels of the neuronal marker NAA may be consistent with observations of increased left prefrontal activation in functional neuroimaging studies of adult patients with OCD after OCD symptom provocation (Rauch et al. 1994).”
Orbital frontal and amygdala volume reductions in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Szeszko, P. R., Robinson, D., Alvir, J. M. J., Bilder, R. M., Lencz, T., Ashtari, M., Wu, H., & Bogerts, B. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.913 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Brody, A. L., Saxena, S., Schwartz, J. M., Stoessel, P. W., Maidment, K., Phelps, M. E., & Baxter, L. R. (1998) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(98)00041-9 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Menzies, L., Chamberlain, S. R., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S. M., Sahakian, B. J., & Bullmore, E. T. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.09.005 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
“Interestingly, there is further suggestive evidence for a role of the DLPFC in OCD pathology, for example the putative neuronal marker N-acetyl-aspartate was significantly increased in the DLPFC in 15 treatment-naı̈ve cases of paediatric OCD (Russell et al., 2003).”
BackgroundThe neural bases of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adults
Maia, T. V., Cooney, R. E., & Peterson, B. S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000606 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
“DLPFC of children with OCD (Russell et al., 2003) and decreased pituitary volumes in boys”
BackgroundA Critical Review of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Brennan, B. P., Rauch, S. L., Jensen, J. E., & Pope, H. G. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.023 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“weighing against a hypothesis of neuronal loss, several above-cited studies found increased tNAA levels in certain brain regions in OCD (27, 32-35).”
ResultA magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of obsessive–compulsive disorder and anxiety
Whiteside, S. P. H., Port, J. D., Deacon, B. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2006) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.12.006 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“…More recently, researchers (Ebert et al., 1997; Bartha et al., 1998; Ohara et al., 1999; Fitzgerald et al., 2000; Rosenberg et al., 2000; Russell et al., 2003) have begun using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to evaluate potential differences in regional brain metabolites…”
InfluentialYücel, M., Wood, S. J., Wellard, R. M., Harrison, B. J., Fornito, A., Pujol, J., Velakoulis, D., & Pantelis, C. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802050546 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Interestingly, although NAA abnormalities in OCD respond to pharmacological treatment [14], they do not seem to be associated with changes in symptomatology [8,10,13,14].”
BackgroundVelikova, S., Locatelli, M., Insacco, C., Smeraldi, E., Comı, G., & Leocani, L. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.015 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“A functional study on pediatric OCD reported dysfunction in the left DLPFC (Russell et al., 2003).”
Paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder?
Huyser, C., Veltman, D. J., de Haan, E., & Boer, F. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.003 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Jang, J. H. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.7.1202 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Russell et al. ( 28 ) observed an increase in N-acetylaspartate in the left but not right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in pediatric OCD patients (8–15 years of age) relative to comparison subjects.”
ResultCortese, B., Moore, G. J., Bailey, B., Jacobson, S., Delaney‐Black, V., & Hannigan, J. (2006) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2006.08.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, E. A., Russell, A., Lorch, E., Banerjee, S., Rose, M., Ivey, J. L., Bhandari, R., Moore, G. J., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00474-8 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationTogao, O., Yoshiura, T., Nakao, T., Nabeyama, M., Sanematsu, H., Nakagawa, A., Noguchi, T., Hiwatashi, A., Yamashita, K., Nagao, E., et al. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.06.011 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“region (Russell et al., 2003).”
Mirza, Y., O’Neill, J., Smith, E. A., Russell, A., Smith, J. M., Banerjee, S. P., Bhandari, R. P., Boyd, C. C., Rose, M., Ivey, J., et al. (2006) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738060210020201 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain Imaging in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
MacMaster, F. P., O’Neill, J., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318185d2be · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Summary of Imaging Studies of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Study Sample Note Findings Rosenberg et al. 18 19 OCD, 19 non-OCD controls Treatment-naı¨ve, case-control matched * Striatal and à third ventricle volumes in OCD; no difference in prefrontal, lateral ventricle, or intracranial volumes; striatal volu…”
Self-citationNeuroimaging in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Kwon, J. S., Jang, J. H., Choi, J., & Kang, D. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.9.2.255 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Christian, C. J., Lencz, T., Robinson, D. G., Burdick, K. E., Ashtari, M., Malhotra, A. K., Betensky, J. D., & Szeszko, P. R. (2008) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.03.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“, 2000) and an increase in left dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetyl-aspartate in pediatric OCD patients (Russell et al., 2003).”
BackgroundIndependent component analysis of resting state activity in pediatric obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Gruner, P., Vo, A., Árgyelán, M., Ikuta, T., Degnan, A. J., John, M., Peters, B. D., Malhotra, A. K., Uluğ, A. M., & Szeszko, P. R. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22551 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Also, structural abnormalities of the DLPFC have been reported in adults with OCD [Christian et al., 2008] and neurobiological abnormalities of this region have been reported in children with OCD [Russell et al., 2003].”
BackgroundMillet, B., Dondaine, T., Reymann, J., Aurélie, B., Naudet, F., Jaafari, N., Drapier, D., Turmel, V., Mesbah, H., Vérin, M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053241 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“[34] Figure 1.”
Coplan, J. D., Mathew, S. J., Mao, X., Smith, E. L. P., Hof, P. R., Coplan, P. M., Rosenblum, L. A., Gorman, J. M., & Shungu, D. C. (2006) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.12.011 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“MRSI studies also provide new evidence of localized functional neurochemical marker alterations in left DLPFC in pediatric OCD (Russell et al., 2003).”
BackgroundZhu, Y., Fan, Q., Xu, H., Zhang, H., Chen, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Tan, L., Xiao, Z., Tong, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bédard, M.-J., & Chantal, S. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.10.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Previous studies reported either increased (Rosenberg et al., 2000, 2001; Russell et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2003; Whiteside et al., 2006; Yücel et al., 2008) or decreased (Ebert et al.”
ResultŞimşek, Ş., Yüksel, T., Çim, A., & Kaya, S. (2016) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw027 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In OCD patients, previous studies have reported irregularities of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, serotonin, and dopamine, in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits (Murphy and Pigott, 1990; Russell et al., 2003; Maina et al., 2008; Pittenger et al, 2011; Rodriguez et al, 2015).”
BackgroundLázaro, L., Bargalló, N., Andrés, S., Falcón, C., Morer, A., Junqué, C., & Castro-Fornieles, J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.01.017 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Askland, K. D., Read, C., O’Connell, C. P., & Moore, J. H. (2011) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-011-1082-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…capacities to prefrontal cortex (Camchong et al. 2006; HuVaker et al. 2009; MacDonald et al. 2005; Nigg and Casey 2005; Perlstein et al. 2001; Russell et al. 2003), social responsiveness to medial prefrontal circuitry and cingulate (Ashwin et al. 2007; Fujiwara et al. 2007; Pavuluri et al.…”
BackgroundNeural primacy of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Li, H., Hu, X., Gao, Y., Cao, L., Zhang, L., Bu, X., Lu, L., Wang, Y., Tang, S., Li, B., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102432 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Several recent studies have noted that abnormality of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is closely related to symptomatic features of OCD, including excessive doubt and repetitive actions (Abramowitz et al., 2009; Mataix-Cols et al., 2003; Russell et al., 2003; Schmidtke et al., 1998).”
Öner, Ö., Devrimci-Özgüven, H., Öktem, F., Yağmurlu, B., Başkak, B., & Münir, K. (2007) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a0625 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“High NAA levels might be related to increased neuronal attenuation or metabolic abnormality, glial hypoplasia, and/or abnormal synaptic pruning.(24) NAA synthesis occurs in the mitochondria and is coupled to mitochondrial activity in adenosine triphosphate production.”
BackgroundNeurochemistry of the hippocampus in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Atmaca, M., Yildirim, H., Ozdemir, H., Koç, M., Ozler, S., & Tezcan, E. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01993.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Meng, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Y., Gao, R., Cao, X., Tan, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Li, Y., et al. (2018) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867418806370 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The imbalance in neurotransmitter and neuronal metabolite concentration within CSTC circuit has been shown contributing to OCD’s onset (Russell et al., 2003).”
BackgroundA voxel-based morphometric MRI study of stabilized obsessive–compulsive adolescent patients
Lázaro, L., Castro‐Fornieles, J., Cullell, C., Andrés, S., Falcón, C., Calvo, R. M., & Bargalló, N. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.07.016 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fan, Q., Tan, L., You, C., Wang, J.-J., Ross, C., Wang, X.-M., Zhang, T.-H., Li, J., Chen, K.-M., & Xiao, Z. (2010) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02128.x · Cited by 27
“A similar finding was reported from the right orbitofrontal white matter among adult OCD patients and from the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in pediatric OCD patients.(2,3) As our patients were drug-naïve or unmedicated for more than 2 months, the abnormality cannot be attributed to the effect of medications.”
BackgroundResultAcheson, A., Wijtenburg, S. A., Rowland, L. M., Bray, B. C., Gaston, F. E., Mathias, C. W., Fox, P. T., Lovallo, W. R., Wright, S. N., Hong, L. E., et al. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22591 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…2007; Sassi et al., 2005] and schizophrenia [Bertolino et al., 1998; Stanley et al., 2007] but not in youths with obsessive compulsive disorder [Russell et al., 2003; Weber et al., 2014], major depression [Caetano et al., 2005; Farchione et al., 2002], or attention deficit hyperactivity…”
BackgroundInfluentialCarey, P. D., Warwick, J., Harvey, B. H., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2004) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1023/b:mebr.0000027423.34733.12 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In addition a recent study using MR spectroscopy ( Russell et al., 2003 ) in children with OCD found evidence for N-acetyl-aspartate increases in the DLPFC of subjects, suggesting neuronal hypertrophy/hyperplasia possibly indicative of abnormal development and or neuronal pruning in children with OCD.”
ResultBrain SPECT imaging in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Castillo, A. R. G. L., Buchpiguel, C. A., de Araújo, L. A. S. B., Castillo, J. C. R., Asbahr, F. R., Maia, A. K., & de Oliveira Latorre, M. R. D. (2005) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0240-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, there are few published papers using more structural than functional neuroimaging (Behar et al., 1984; Bolton et al., 2000; Fitzgerald et al., 2000; Giedd et al., 2000; Gilbert et al., 2000; Luxenberg et al., 1988; Mac Master et al., 1999; Moore et al., 1998; Rosenberg et al., 1997a, b, 2000a, b, 200…”
BackgroundTzirini, M., Roth, Y., Harmelech, T., Zibman, S., Pell, G. S., Kimiskidis, V. Κ., Tendler, A., Zangen, A., & Samaras, T. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263145 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Several studies noted that abnormalities in the dlPFC, a 333 key structure involved in executive control, is closely related to symptomatic features of 334 OCD, including excessive doubt and repetitive actions [42-45].”
BackgroundPerera, M. P. N., Mallawaarachchi, S., Bailey, N. W., Murphy, O. W., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723000843 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“N -acetyl-aspartate) activity compared to HCs in brain regions that are thought to be associated with performance monitoring, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Carter et al., 1998; Russell et al., 2003).”
BackgroundBildgebungsbefunde bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS, Tic-Störungen und Zwangserkrankungen
Vloet, T. D., Neufang, S., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917.34.5.343 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chu, M., Xu, T., Wang, Y., Wang, P., Gu, Q., Liu, Q., Cheung, E. F. C., Chan, R. C. K., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004328 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Some studies found dysconnectivity in the DLPFC (den Braber et al., 2008; Hirosawa et al., 2013; Menzies et al., 2008; Russell et al., 2003), while others found no alteration (Koh et al., 2018; Stern, Fitzgerald, Welsh, Abelson, & Taylor, 2012).”
BackgroundPark, S., Choi, N.-G., & Jeong, G. (2016) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2016.48 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“(5) reported that OCD patients showed higher intensity of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the left DLPFC.”
BackgroundLow expression of catecholamine-O-methyl-transferase gene in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Wang, Z., Xiao, Z., Inslicht, S. S., Tong, H., Jiang, W., Wang, X., Metzler, T. J., Marmar, C. R., & Jiang, S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…for OCD since dopaminergic function and PFC function are thought to be dysregulated in this disorder (Friedlander & Desrocher, 2006; Maihöfner et al., 2007; Russell et al., 2003; van der Wee et al., 2004), and changes of COMT activity and function are hypothesized to be mechanisms involved in OCD.”
BackgroundRelationship between obsessive–compulsive symptoms and smoking habits amongst schizophrenic patients
Döme, P., Teleki, Z., Gonda, X., Gaszner, G., Mandl, P., & Rihmer, Z. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.01.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Piras, F., Piras, F., Abe, Y., Agarwal, S., Anticevic, A., Ameis, S., Arnold, P., Bargalló, N., Batistuzzo, M., Benedetti, F., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/855916 · Cited by 9
Breithaupt, L. E., Payne, H. A., & Rose, M. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ghaffari, H., Yoonessi, A., Darvishi-Bayazi, M.-J., & Ahmadi, A. (2018) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.135 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“High levels of N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) in left DLPFC can point to glial hypoplasia, neuronal hypertrophy, and or unusual pruning of neural brain elements in DLPFC (Russell et al., 2003).”
Chen, F., Guo, M., Liu, T., Jiang, X.-L., Li, J., & Guo, J.-C. (2016) · Iranian Journal of Radiology · doi:10.5812/iranjradiol.15566 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“(18) showed that NAA levels in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in pediatric OCD patients were significantly increased.”
Esawy, M. M., Shabana, M. A., & Ali, E. F. (2018) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-018-2803-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The irregularities of neurotransmitters (serotonin and dopamine) particularly in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits have deeply been investigated as an etiology of OCD (Murphy and Pigott 1990; Graybiel and Rauch 2000; Russell et al. 2003; Aouizerate et al. 2004; Maina et al. 2008; Milad and Rauch 2012; Lapi…”
BackgroundDorsolateral prefrontal cortex volumes remained unchanged in obsessive compulsive disorder
Ozdemir, H., Atmaca, M., Yildirim, H., & Gurok, M. (2013) · Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5455/bcp.20120928030920 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A unique study evaluating neurochemicals in OCD patients may account for these function disabilities in patients with OCD (17).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVahabzadeh, A. B. N., & McDougle, C. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.05213-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Intervention Effect of rTMS on Neural Activities in Obsessive/Compulsive Disorder
Esfeh, M. A., Niyasar, A. R., Rostami, R., & Khosrowabadi, R. (2025) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000342 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Horská, A., & Mahone, E. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5864-8_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
MacMaster, F. P., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9831-4_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationKordon, A., Zurowski, B., & Hohagen, F. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747.55.4.227 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neurobiologie der Zwangsstörung
Hohagen, F., Kordon, A., & Zurowski, B. (2009) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1627159 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Russell, A., Cortese, B., Lorch, E., Ivey, J., Banerjee, S. P., Moore, G. J., & Rosenberg, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- supplement 1
- Pages
- 31-38
- ISSN
- 1044-5463 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8992
- OpenAlex
- W2003562319
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wayne State University
- Michigan State University
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-65122, R01MH065122, MH 02037, MH-59299, R01MH059299)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, N-acetylaspartate, choline-containing compounds, creatine/phosphocreatine, neurochemical markers, neuronal hypertrophy, hemispheric lateralization
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aspartic Acid, Child, Choline, Creatine, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Biomarkers, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
