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Cited by 107Origins and Evolution of LifeSpace Science and Extraterrestrial LifeAstro and Planetary Science

The Possible Emergence of Life and Differentiation of a Shallow Biosphere on Irradiated Icy Worlds: The Example of Europa

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Russell, Michael J., Murray, Alison E., Hand, Kevin P.·2017·Astrobiology
DOI 10.1089/ast.2016.1600PMC PMC5729856
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Abstract

Irradiated ice-covered ocean worlds with rocky mafic mantles may provide the conditions needed to drive the emergence and maintenance of life. Alkaline hydrothermal springs-relieving the geophysical, thermal, and chemical disequilibria between oceans and tidally stressed crusts-could generate inorganic barriers to the otherwise uncontrolled and kinetically disfavored oxidation of hydrothermal hydrogen and methane. Ionic gradients imposed across these inorganic barriers, comprising iron oxyhydroxides and sulfides, could drive the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and the oxidation of methane through thermodynamically favorable metabolic pathways leading to early life-forms. In such chemostatic environments, fuels may eventually outweigh oxidants. Ice-covered oceans are primarily heated from below, creating convection that could transport putative microbial cells and cellular cooperatives upward to congregate beneath an ice shell, potentially giving rise to a highly focused shallow biosphere. It is here where electron acceptors, ultimately derived from the irradiated surface, could be delivered to such life-forms through exchange with the icy surface. Such zones would act as "electron disposal units" for the biosphere, and occupants might be transferred toward the surface by buoyant diapirs and even entrained into plumes. Key Words: Biofilms-Europa-Extraterrestrial life-Hydrothermal systems. Astrobiology 17, 1265-1273.

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  • Europa and Enceladus most probably have a subsurface ocean resting on a rocky bottom with direct rock-water interaction.

    “This is most probably the case with Europa and Enceladus (McKay et al. 2008;Russell et al. 2017).”

    From The Emergence of Life (2019) · cites this paper as Russell et al. 2017

    Section 3, “The Ensuing Biosphere” (page unavailable), treats Europa and Enceladus as icy worlds with oceans beneath ice shells. Section 2, “The Drive to Life on Ice-Covered Ocean Worlds with Rocky Mantles” (page unavailable), describes rock–water reactions in ocean worlds with rocky cores and applies the model to Europa. It does not specifically establish that Enceladus’s ocean directly contacts rock, and its conditional model does not support the stronger wording “most probably” for both moons. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Authors
Russell, M. J., Murray, A. E., & Hand, K. P.
Affiliations
  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
  • Desert Research Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Russell, Michael J.
ORCID
Venue
Astrobiology
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2017-12
Volume
17
Issue
12
Pages
1265-1273
ISSN
  • 1531-1074 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-8070
DOI
10.1089/ast.2016.1600
PMC
PMC5729856
OpenAlex
W2763085374
Cited by
107
References
129
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
FWCI
5.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Astrobiology (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNH13ZDA017C, NNX14AN24A)
  • NASA Astrobiology Institute (No. NNH13ZDA017C, NNH13ZDA017C)
  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NNH13ZDA017C)
  • Science Mission Directorate
  • Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
Keywords
Europa, origin of life, icy ocean worlds, alkaline hydrothermal vents, iron oxyhydroxide, sulfide, methane oxidation, chemotrophy, convection, ice-covered ocean, electron acceptors, diapirs, plumes, biofilm, extraterrestrial life
MeSH terms
Origin of Life, Carbon Dioxide, Extraterrestrial Environment, Hydrogen, Ice, Methane, Oceans and Seas, Radiation, Thermodynamics, Jupiter, Exobiology, Metabolic Networks and Pathways

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