Topography of axonal injury as defined by amyloid precursor protein and the sector scoring method in mild and severe closed head injury
Abstract
Axonal injury (AI), as defined by amyloid precursor protein (APP) positive axonal swellings, was recorded on a series of line diagrams of standard brain sections divided into 116 sectors to provide an Axonal Injury Sector Score (AISS) ranging from 0 to 116. This sector scoring method of recording axonal damage and providing a topographic overview of AI was applied to a series of 6 mild head injury cases [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 13-15] and six severe head injury cases (GCS 3-8). The AISS ranged from 4 to 107 overall and varied from 4 to 88 in the mildly injured group and 76 to 107 in the severe head injury group, supporting the concept that there is a spectrum of AI in traumatic head injury and that the AISS is a measure of the extent of AI. APP immunostaining demonstrated positive axonal swellings 1.75 h after head injury and analysis of the pattern of AI in the mild and severe head injury groups showed that axons were more vulnerable than blood vessels and that the axons in the corpus callosum and fornices were the most vulnerable of all.
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APP accumulates in traumatized axons after all severities of TBI and has been detected many months post-injury.
“For example, APP accumulates in traumatized axons after all severities of TBI and has been detected many months post-injury (129–131).”
From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [129]
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- Authors
- BLUMBERGS, P. C., SCOTT, G., VIS, J. M., WAINWRIGHT, H., SIMPSON, D. A., & McLEAN, A. J.
- Affiliations
- South Australia Pathology (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurotrauma
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 565-572
- ISSN
- 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9042
- OpenAlex
- W2029934068
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Adelaide
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- axonal injury, amyloid precursor protein, axonal swellings, closed head injury, mild traumatic brain injury, severe traumatic brain injury, corpus callosum, fornix, immunostaining
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Axons, Child, Female, Craniocerebral Trauma, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Middle Aged, Glasgow Coma Scale
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