The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 4 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention
Open accessAbstract
Many universities are attempting to reduce the CO2 emissions created by employee commuting. One way to do so is to encourage carpooling. A focus group and an online survey were performed at Michigan State University (N = 1,334), to determine 1.) the prevalence of carpooling among employees, 2.) the barriers employees perceive to be entailed in carpooling, and 3.) ways to reduce these barriers. Only 7 percent of those polled carpooled most of the time and only 3.7 percent carpooled at least 90 percent of the time. Surveys suggested that modest economic incentives for carpooling would not have much influence. However, making the purchase of carpool permits more convenient would have a greater effect, as would making it easier for a carpool member to occasionally drive separately at no extra cost. A major issue cited is finding carpool partners. While there is a carpooling matching website, very few people know about it. Aside from needing better publicity, respondents suggested that having access to additional information about potential partners would make them more comfortable using this website. An intervention was implemented whereby employees interested in carpooling were invited to a free lunch, to meet others whose commuting routes might make them suitable carpool partners. While fewer people attended than hoped for, approximately half of those attending either found a carpool or progressed toward this goal.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
47 Own result · 10 Own interpretation · 2 Sources not found · 2 No basis given · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“55 percent said they would be more comfortable having this information.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Concern for Safety
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the number of days coming to campus was shown to have a nonsignificant effect.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > How People Commute to Campus
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the probability of attending the lunch was strongly related to the length of an employee's commute.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > An Intervention: Carpool Lunch Mixers
boostedcorrelationaln = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“60 percent considered anything over 20 minutes to be excessive.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Interest in Services Encouraging Carpooling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among attendees, out of 24 with regular schedules, six achieved their goal”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > An Intervention: Carpool Lunch Mixers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“76 percent (19 of 25) of those who attended at least one lunch have schedules in which they come to campus five days per week, arrive between 7:30 a.m. and 9 a.m., and depart between 4:30 p.m. and 6:00 p.m.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > An Intervention: Carpool Lunch Mixers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only 5 percent would definitely use each form of recognition.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Recognition of Clean Commuters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“83 percent wanted to know if a potential partner smokes”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Information Desired about Carpool Partners
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“67 percent of respondents who commute at least 20 miles one way (N 5 179), drive alone at least 90 percent of the time.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > How People Commute to Campus
plainn = 179- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“66 people signed up and/or came to at least one of the lunches.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > An Intervention: Carpool Lunch Mixers
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
- It may state two separate claims as one. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Driving alone | 80.6%”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“11 had attended neither”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > An Intervention: Carpool Lunch Mixers
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“41 percent stated that they would like such an agreement.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Statements Clarifying Mutual Expectations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“seven had attended both lunches”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > An Intervention: Carpool Lunch Mixers
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only 11 people in this category came to a lunch, less than 2 percent of those commuting that far.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Discussion
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 36 respondents”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > An Intervention: Carpool Lunch Mixers
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The survey also asked if respondents would find it useful for MSU to provide a website fully describing transportation options besides driving alone: 41 percent said Yes.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Statements Clarifying Mutual Expectations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 44 percent of those who drove alone most of the time knew that a carpool permit could save them money.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Knowledge of Carpool Permits, Convenience of Getting One, and Convenience of Parking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“60 percent wanted to know whether conversation or silence is preferred.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Information Desired about Carpool Partners
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the CCOP carpool matching service was known by few, and visited by even fewer, respondents.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Interest in Services Encouraging Carpooling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“another 15 percent said they would probably attend the lunch”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Recognition of Clean Commuters
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“18 had attended one”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > An Intervention: Carpool Lunch Mixers
plainn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both traveling farther 12 and having a regular schedule 4 are substantial predictors of car/vanpooling.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > How People Commute to Campus
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Buliung RN, Soltys K, Habel C, et al. Driving factors behind suc- cessful carpool formation and use. Transp Res Rec 2009;2118:31-38. doi: 10.3141/2118-05. source
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Wachs M. Policy implications of recent behavioral research in trans- portation demand management. J Plan Lit 1991;5(4):333-341.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ERH had some effect and would probably have a greater effect if rides were more quickly available.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, encouraging this switch fits well with stated MSU goals.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adding two features to local carpool matching software might increase interest in using it: Assuring users that their partner would be an MSU employee; and asking users their preferences regarding their partner's behavior.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Campus congestion and spending on parking structures can both be reduced by having employees switch from driving alone to carpooling.”
§ Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Making carpoolers visible to their peers would encourage others to emulate them.
“Hence, the assumption was that making carpoolers visible to their peers would encourage others to emulate them.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Normative influence from recognition might have a substantial effect on behavior, but if respondents were directly asked whether recognition would influence their behavior, they would underestimate this effect.
“Therefore, it was assumed that 1.) normative influence from recognition might have a substantial effect on behavior, but that 2.) if respondents were directly asked if recognition would influence their behavior, they would underestimate this effect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Stated likelihood of carpooling in response to a parking price increase predicts actual carpooling behavior.
“Such a change would approximately double the amount of carpooling.”
Citations
Cites
Normative social influence is underdetected
Nolan, J. M., Schultz, P. W., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208316691 · Cited by 1,772
Ridesharing: The state-of-the-art and future directions
Furuhata, M., Dessouky, M. M., Ordóñez, F., Brunet, M.-E., Wang, X., & Koenig, S. (2013) · Transportation Research Part B Methodological · doi:10.1016/j.trb.2013.08.012 · Cited by 890
The ambivalence of ridesharing
Morency, C. (2006) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-006-9101-9 · Cited by 150
Fostering Sustainable Behavior
McKenzie‐Mohr, D., Lee, N., Schultz, P. W., & Kotler, P. (2012) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483349466.n1 · Cited by 92
Driving Factors behind Successful Carpool Formation and Use
Buliung, R. N., Soltys, K., Habel, C., & Lanyon, R. (2009) · Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2118-05 · Cited by 71
Policy Implications of Recent Behavioral Research in Transportation Demand Management
Wachs, M. (1991) · Journal of Planning Literature · doi:10.1177/088541229100500402 · Cited by 31
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Margolin JB, 1978, Transp Res Rec, 673, 7
- Margolin JB, 1979, Incentives and Disincentives for Ridesharing: A Behavioral Study. Federal Highway Administration
- Levin IP, 1970, Transp Res Rec, 724, 35
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Future and Sustainability of Carpooling Practices. An Identification of Research Challenges
Aguiléra, A., & Pigalle, É. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132111824 · Cited by 41
Travelers’ attitude towards carpooling in Islamabad
Ayaz, A., Waheed, A., Saleem, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Engineering and Applied Science · doi:10.1186/s44147-021-00023-x · Cited by 30
“To encourage carpooling, an online survey was conducted at Michigan State University, and the same issue of finding carpool partners was identified [40].”
MethodAnthopoulos, L. G., & Tzimos, D. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131910680 · Cited by 27
Gurbuz, O., & Cheu, R. L. (2020) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/0361198119900169 · Cited by 25
“(16) and Kaplowitz and Slabosky (28) and larger than the sample size of Delmelle and Delmelle (8).”
BackgroundRey-Merchán, M. D. C., López-Arquillos, A., & Rosa, M. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148533 · Cited by 22
“Social Social awkwardness [27,63] B8 Extending work problems to the car [64,65] B9 Low-match of coworkers’ timetables [66] B10”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kaplowitz, S. A., & Slabosky, A.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Michigan Department of Transportation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kaplowitz, Stan A.
- ORCID
- Kaplowitz, Stan A.
- Venue
- Sustainability: The Journal of Record
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 74-80
- ISSN
- 1937-0695 (ISSN-L)
- 1937-0709
- OpenAlex
- W2795722476
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sustainability The Journal of Record (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Michigan State University
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation and Mobility Innovations
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Keywords
- carpooling, university employees, commuting, CO2 emission reduction, economic incentives, intervention, Michigan State University
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1089/sus.2017.0020
- The paper
- Kaplowitz, S. A., & Slabosky, A. (2018). Trying to Increase Carpooling at a Major U.S. University: A Survey and an Intervention. Sustainability: The Journal of Record. https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2017.0020
