The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 35 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: We aimed to assess the Minority Stress Model which proposes that the stress of experiencing stigma leads to adverse mental health outcomes, but social supports (e.g., school and family connectedness) will reduce this negative effect. Methods: We measured stigma-related experiences, social supports, and mental health (self-injury, suicide, depression, and anxiety) among a sample of 923 Canadian transgender 14- to 25-year-old adolescents and young adults using a bilingual online survey. Logistic regression models were conducted to analyze the relationship between these risk and protective factors and dichotomous mental health outcomes among two separate age groups, 14- to 18-year-old and 19- to 25-year-old participants. Results: Experiences of discrimination, harassment, and violence (enacted stigma) were positively related to mental health problems and social support was negatively associated with mental health problems in all models among both age groups. Among 14–18 year olds, we examined school connectedness, family connectedness, and perception of friends caring separately, and family connectedness was always the strongest protective predictor in multivariate models. In all the mental health outcomes we examined, transgender youth reporting low levels of enacted stigma experiences and high levels of protective factors tended to report favorable mental health outcomes. Conversely, the majority of participants reporting high levels of enacted stigma and low levels of protective factors reported adverse mental health outcomes. Conclusion: While these findings are limited by nonprobability sampling procedures and potential additional unmeasured risk and protective factors, the results provide positive evidence for the Minority Stress Model in this population and affirm the need for policies and programs to support schools and families to support transgender youth.
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Claims the paper makes
23 Own result · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 3 Supported · 3 Sources not found · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Studies of transgender adults have also found that family support is associated with better mental health.17”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that family support was negatively associated with psychological distress in the transgender sample (B = −0.164; P < .001). The Discussion likewise describes family support as associated with less distress, supporting the claim that it is associated with better mental health. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“with around 80% reporting verbal harassment10–12 or bullying at school.13”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results table reports that 82.6% of transgender or gender-nonconforming youth experienced bullying in the past 12 months, which supports “around 80%.” It does not identify those bullying experiences as occurring at school; 75.5% reported in-person bullying, but that measure also does not specify a school setting. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The optimal scenario is for transgender youth to have high levels of family connectedness and friends caring, and low levels of enacted stigma exposure—in such cases, the probability of suicide attempts dropped to 7%.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for each enacted stigma experience, participants were 25% more likely to have reported NSSI in the past year”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a number of these enacted stigma experiences were reported by the majority of Canadian transgender youth.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, the majority of participants reporting high levels of enacted stigma and low levels of protective factors reported adverse mental health outcomes.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“perception of friends caring was also predictive of suicide attempts in the past year”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“almost three-quarters reported they had ever seriously considered suicide”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Older youth (19–25 year olds)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiences of discrimination, harassment, and violence (enacted stigma) were positively related to mental health problems and social support was negatively associated with mental health problems in all models among both age groups.”
- Also stated in: § Younger youth (14–18 year olds) · plain
“The Enacted Stigma Index was a positive predictor of mental health problems in all the regression models.”
- Also stated in: § Older youth (19–25 year olds) · plain
“The Enacted Stigma Index was a positive predictor of mental health problems in all the regression models, and similarly, Social Support was a negative predictor in all the models.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
- Also stated in: § Younger youth (14–18 year olds) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as with the 14 to 18 year olds, these show greatly varying probabilities depending on the mix of risk and protective factors.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Older youth (19–25 year olds)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“45% and 28% reporting extreme stress and despair in the past 30 days, respectively”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of these participants reported NSSI in the past year”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Older youth (19–25 year olds)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“almost three-quarters reporting NSSI in the past year”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“three out of four reported NSSI behaviors in the past year”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if transgender youth reported low levels of enacted stigma, when levels of parental and social supports are low, their probability of serious suicidal ideation was still at 38%.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“45% and 28% reporting extreme stress and despair in the past 30 days, respectively”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“nearly half experienced extreme stress in the past 30 days”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all the mental health outcomes we examined, transgender youth reporting low levels of enacted stigma experiences and high levels of protective factors tended to report favorable mental health outcomes.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“71% reported having felt sad or depressed for more than 2 weeks in the past year”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Older youth (19–25 year olds)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parent connectedness also played a role in the final multivariate model, predicting lower odds of serious suicidal thoughts.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Older youth (19–25 year olds)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“School Connectedness was a significant protective factor in the models for extreme stress and extreme despair”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and social support was negatively associated with mental health problems in all models among both age groups.”
- Also stated in: § Older youth (19–25 year olds) · plain
“Social Support was a negative predictor in all the models.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
- Also stated in: § Older youth (19–25 year olds) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among 14–18 year olds, we examined school connectedness, family connectedness, and perception of friends caring separately, and family connectedness was always the strongest protective predictor in multivariate models.”
- Also stated in: § Younger youth (14–18 year olds) · hedged
“Family Connectedness was usually the strongest protective factor in the final models”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
- Also stated in: § Younger youth (14–18 year olds) · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the model predicted that a transgender youth who had experienced high levels of discrimination, harassment, or violence perpetrated against them, who were also low on protective factors, had a 72% probability of reporting this.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This estimate is reduced markedly when family connectedness and/or friends caring was high, but even with these supports, the estimated probability remains at close to 50%.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“over one-third having attempted suicide in the past year”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“a third attempted suicide in the last year”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“Another study of transgender youth in Virginia found 45% had reported in-school victimization based on their gender”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the results provide positive evidence for the Minority Stress Model in this population”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This is consistent with the minority stress model applied to transgender people”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“These results are in accordance with the minority stress theory”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“Ybarra et al.5 found that transgender youth who had experienced intense bullying were almost five times more likely to report suicidal ideation”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“those who had endured these experiences had a fourfold greater likelihood of suicidal ideation.3”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“GSAs have also been found to have positive effects on all students, not only LGB students, providing evidence for them aiding transgender students as well.31”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we also found that supportive environments (i.e., family, friends, and schools) appear to reduce these negative impacts.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
“When youth feel cared about and connected to their families, friends, and schools, the negative impacts of stigma experiences on mental health may be reduced.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
In the paper
“but this topic has received less attention than stigma and risk factors in empirical research on the theory.15”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The importance of protective factors demonstrates that transgender youth have a greatly reduced likelihood of negative mental health outcomes when they reported being strongly connected to their family or their school, even when they experienced stigma and discrimination elsewhere.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study had relatively fewer trans girls/women and nonbinary assigned male at birth participants.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study found that when transgender youth have supportive family and school environments, even when they have high exposure to enacted stigma, the stress is buffered to an extent.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the recruitment techniques, participants who are more resourceful and engaged in the transgender community were likely to have been overrepresented.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Being perceived as transgender may make youth vulnerable to minority stress, which has been proposed as an explanation for the high rates of mental health difficulties reported among this group.3–5”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports high rates of psychiatric disorders among young transgender women and proposes that stressors associated with gender transition and affirmation may affect their mental health. It does not specifically say that being perceived as transgender exposes youth to minority stress or identify that as the explanation for the elevated rates. The cited study also concerns young transgender women, rather than transgender youth generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A study of transgender youth in a Los Angeles clinic found that parental support was associated with decreased depressive symptoms and improved life satisfaction.16”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] source
The Abstract Methods identify 66 transgender youth receiving care at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. The Results report that, controlling for demographic variables, greater parental support was significantly associated with fewer depressive symptoms and higher life satisfaction. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One study found high levels of internal consistency reliability for the first five items of this scale.25”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] source
The Description of Measures identifies family connectedness as a five-item scale. The Measures and Longitudinal Improvements within Cases sections report strong reliability for the scales, with Cronbach’s alphas of .81–.93 among RIP girls and .82–.91 among MSS girls. The paper does not give a separate alpha for family connectedness. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While all the protective factors negatively predicted mental health difficulties, they did not all meet the criterion of a 0.5 odds ratio to be included in the final multivariate models due to these predictors being intercorrelated.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
In the paper
“another study found that transgender youth who had experienced parental abuse were more likely to have attempted suicide.14”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A study of 290 high school students across the United States found that the majority had been physically harassed in the past year due to their gender expression”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Stressors that are specific to transgender individuals, which have been identified, include feeling or being unsafe in public restrooms, lack of access to legal documents or medical care due to differing records of sex and legal name, and nonaffirmation of one's gender by others.9”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Minority stress theory suggests that members of minority groups experience stressors related specifically to their membership with that group.6”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“studies have shown that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth who report more positive and supportive school experiences are more likely to also report better mental health.18,19”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Experiences of minority stress not only result from specific negative events but also from the overarching experiences in society that the minority individual negotiates in their everyday lives.7”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“more than a quarter reported being physically assaulted in the past year due to their gender expression.10”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These stressors are a result of sociocultural sanctions of status, prejudice, and discrimination”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“almost two-thirds reporting they feel unsafe at school due to their gender expression”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Minority stress theory has been applied to transgender people.8”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the theory proposes that they negatively impact psychological well-being and adaptation.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we also collected data on suicidal attempts for 19–25 year olds, we decided to not use it in this study because it was reduced due to an error we made in our survey skip logic.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“other protective factors, such as living in their felt gender and access to competent healthcare, were not included in our estimates, and their inclusion may have resulted in lower estimates of poor mental health for those youth reporting the best-case scenario.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using questions drawn from Canadian population-based surveys ensured that questions are widely used and had undergone thorough validation.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with previous studies of transgender youth,3,5,14,29”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study also relied on cross-sectional data when longitudinal data would be preferable to test these causal hypotheses.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One study reported that this scale has adequate concurrent validity, reliability, and measurement stability across 18 ethnic groups.24”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Meyer also recognized individual-level resilience in coping with minority stress as an additional area for potential intervention for enhancing resilience, but he suggested caution with focusing on this because individuals within different groups have different access to this resilience.15”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Responses were also screened manually for careless responding by examining participants with the fastest response times, and no evidence of careless responding was observed.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study did not examine support received specifically from the transgender community.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these probability profiling results illustrated only those outcomes at more extreme ends (10th and 90th percentiles).”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the sampling frame was based on nonprobability recruitment methods and, as such, there is no way of knowing how representative the sample is from the larger transgender youth population across Canada.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Enacted Stigma Index used in this study included experiences that might be expected due to anti-transgender stigma, but except for one discrimination question, it did not include questions specifically about anti-transgender stigma.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Resilience and protective factors that may reduce minority stress and negative health effects are essential components of the minority stress theory”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study relied on single questions with responses dichotomized for mental health outcomes, while these questions are widely used and validated on large probability surveys.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This version of the scale performed well on confirmatory factor analysis as either a single factor or a higher-order factor model, and it had excellent reliability.27”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recruitment methods did not differ between these two age groups and these two age groups had the same overall pattern of demographics.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since our results suggest that negative mental health outcomes are complex, with several co-occurring risk and protective factors”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Community-level resilience might have been captured indirectly through the school connectedness, family connectedness, and social support variables assessed.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study's methodology allowed us to gather a large sample size, giving us added confidence about the generalizability of our findings, even if these generalizations ought to be made with caution.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this was the first study to examine the impact of both risk and protective factors in the probability of developing adverse mental health outcomes for transgender people.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Missing values on scales were missing at random with respect to mental health, enacted stigma, and protective factors.
“We had no reason to believe that the missing values differed across different levels of mental health, enacted stigma, or protective factors (i.e., we believe data were missing at random); so we did not attempt to correct for this missingness.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
“For example, with having ever seriously considered suicide, the model predicted that a transgender youth who had experienced high levels of discrimination, harassment, or violence perpetrated against them, who were also low on protective factors, had a 72% probability of reporting this.”
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
“Younger (14–18 year old) participants were asked “During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide?” Older (19–25 year old) participants were asked if they had ever seriously considered suicide or taking their own life.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Materials and Methods > Questionnaire
“Younger (14–18 year old) participants were asked “During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide?””
§ Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada > Results > Younger youth (14–18 year olds)
“For example, with having ever seriously considered suicide, the model predicted that a transgender youth who had experienced high levels of discrimination, harassment, or violence perpetrated against them, who were also low on protective factors, had a 72% probability of reporting this.”
Citations
Cites
Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men
Meyer, I. H. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137286 · Cited by 4,264 · cited 3×
“Nonbinary (AMAB) 18 (6) 43 (8) New Brunswick 14 (4) 9 (2) Central/South American 8 (3) 4 (1) 6 years or more 31 (10) 54 (9)”
BackgroundProtecting Adolescents From Harm: Findings From the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health
Resnick, M. D. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550100049038 · Cited by 2,846 · cited 2×
“Boys/men 140 (47) 216 (36) Alberta 41 (13) 73 (12) White only 225 (72) 446 (75) Less than 1 year 1 (0) 6 (1) Girls/women 32 (11) 107 (20) British Columbia 85 (26) 124 (21) Aboriginal 42 (13) 51 (9) 1 to 2 years 2 (1) 6 (1) Nonbinary (AFAB) 110 (37) 173 (32) Manitoba 13 (4) 19 (3) Black 6 (2) 9 (2) 3 to 5 years 5 (2) 1…”
BackgroundHendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0029597 · Cited by 2,134 · cited 2×
“2) 43 (7) South Asian 4 (1) 8 (1) English only 252 (79) 442 (74) Ontario 87 (27) 181 (30) East Asian 14 (5) 28 (5) French only 12 (4) 47 (8) Prince Edward Island 1 (0) 3 (1) Multi-racial 9 (3) 20 (3) English and French 24 (8) 42 (7)”
Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population
Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301241 · Cited by 1,540 · cited 1×
“Harassment in the past year for n (%) n (%) Race or culture 32 (17) Sexual orientation 120 (63) Body size/shape/appearance 106 (55) Gender identity 132 (69)”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure.
Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000081 · Cited by 1,406
Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities.
Meyer, I. H. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000132 · Cited by 1,152 · cited 1×
“Physically threatened/injured past year 69 (36) Contact/use of violence services in the past 5 years 178 (52) Threatened with weapon past year 18 (9) Physically hurt by someone in family past year 29 (15) Sexual abuse 74 (35) Forced/attempted unwanted sexual activity in the past year 27 (7) Sexual touch by older or st…”
BackgroundTransgender Youth and Life‐Threatening Behaviors
Grossman, A. H., & D'Augelli, A. R. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.527 · Cited by 672
Parental Support and Mental Health Among Transgender Adolescents
Simons, L., Schrager, S. M., Clark, L. F., Belzer, M., & Olson, J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019 · Cited by 553
School support groups, other school factors, and the safety of sexual minority adolescents
Goodenow, C., Szalacha, L., & Westheimer, K. (2006) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20173 · Cited by 553 · cited 1×
“Quebec 31 (10) 106 (18) Other English and another language 19 (6) 41 (7)”
BackgroundClark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F. G., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen, F. V. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.008 · Cited by 528 · cited 1×
“Cyberbullying Cyberbullying Felt unsafe with internet contact 56 (29) Received threatening messages 155 (45) Been bullied on the internet 64 (33) Received hateful comments 141 (42) Had threatening e-mails sent out Using their identity 18 (5) Other cyberbullying 106 (33) Bullying in the past year Been bullied/taunted/r…”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Fazio AF, 1977, Vital Health Stat 2, 73, 1
- Patten SB, 1997, Chronic Dis Can, 18, 109
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Liu, R. T., Sheehan, A. E., Walsh, R. F. L., Sanzari, C. M., Cheek, S. M., & Valencia, E. M. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101783 · Cited by 256
Suicidality Disparities Between Transgender and Cisgender Adolescents
Thoma, B. C., Salk, R. H., Choukas-Bradley, S., Goldstein, T. R., Levine, M. D., & Marshal, M. P. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1183 · Cited by 198
“TGA suicidality is likely predicted by minority stress experiences, including victimization targeting their stigmatized gender identity.(11,13,39,40) In future work, researchers should examine how psychosocial stressors contribute to both the onset of suicidal ideation as well as the transition from suicidal ideation…”
BackgroundMental health of transgender and gender diverse youth
Wittlin, N. M., Kuper, L. E., & Olson, K. R. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-020326 · Cited by 199
Suicidality Among Transgender Youth: Elucidating the Role of Interpersonal Risk Factors
Austin, A., Craig, S. L., D’Souza, S. A., & McInroy, L. B. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520915554 · Cited by 228
“Empirical research has demonstrated associations between minority stressors and suicidality among transgender youth (Veale et al., 2017) and adults (Testa et al.”
BackgroundWilliams, A. J., Jones, C. A., Arcelus, J., Townsend, E., Lazaridou, A., & Michail, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245268 · Cited by 200
Metadata
- Authors
- Veale, J. F., Peter, T., Travers, R., & Saewyc, E. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Waikato (NZ)
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Veale, Jaimie F.
- Venue
- Transgender Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 207-216
- ISSN
- 2380-193X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5734137
- OpenAlex
- W2774228466
- Semantic Scholar
- da326060f274143f4fce3ca6106e0ae7cb5b5ffe
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 16.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Transgender Health (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Michael Smith Health Research BC
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP119472)
- Institute of Gender and Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- transgender youth, enacted stigma, minority stress model, mental health, protective factors, discrimination, harassment, violence, school connectedness, family connectedness, social support, self-harm, suicide, depression, anxiety, adolescents and young adults
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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