Solidarity and Its Sources

Abstract

Solidarity among members of a social group must be distinguished from solidarity with outsiders. It has four main components: 1) distinguishing features that bind members together; 2) mutual concern and mutual aid within the group; 3) acknowledgement of collective responsibility; 4) limits on inequality among members. Solidarity is primarily valuable for its instrumental effects: protecting vulnerable members, constraining inequality, and fostering social trust. Five alternative explanations of society-wide solidarity are examined. The expanding circle theory envisages solidarity spreading outwards from small groups as commonalities with outsiders are recognized. The interdependence theory sees solidarity emerging as people recognize their dependence on one other for survival and well-being. The associational theory finds the source of social solidarity in active participation in social and political associations. The identity theory highlights the motivational effects of common identities, especially national identity. Finally, the institutional theory claims that solidarity is created by exposure to impartial institutions.