The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Psychology of Music Performance Anxiety
Abstract
Abstract Why are some performers exhilarated and energized about performing in public, while others feel a crushing sense of fear and dread, and experience public performance as an overwhelming challenge that must be endured? What are the factors that produce such vastly different performance experiences? Why have consummate artists like Frederic Chopin, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Pablo Cassals, Tatiana Troyanos, and Barbra Streisand experienced such intense music performance anxiety? This is a disorder that can affect musicians across a range of genres and of all standards. Some of the 'cures' musicians resort to can be harmful to their health and detrimental to their playing. This book is an exposition of music performance anxiety. It draws on a range of disciplines including psychology, philosophy, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, and performance theory in order to explain the many facets of music performance anxiety that have emerged in the empirical and clinical literature. It identifies some unifying guiding principles that will enhance our understanding of the condition and guides in the development of effective treatments. The book provides a detailed conceptual framework for the study of music performance anxiety and a review of the empirical and clinical research on the anxiety disorders. In addition, it presents a thorough analysis of the concepts related to music performance anxiety, its epidemiology, and theories and therapies that may be useful in understanding and treating the condition. The voices of musicians are clearly heard throughout the book and in the final two chapters, we hear directly from musicians about how they experience it and what they do to manage it.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It is proposed that in SAD (of which MPA can be considered a circumscribed subtype), individuals engage in avoidance of psychological and emotional experiences that occur in the context of social situations (Eifert and Forsyth, 2005) and these avoidance behaviors interfere with values-guided action (Kocovski et al., 2013).”
From Examining a Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Student Vocalists (2020) · cites this paper as Kenny, 2011
In the citing paper
“Many young musicians report developing maladaptive coping, such as substance use, which can impact their wellbeing and career (Kenny, 2011; Braden et al., 2015)”
From Examining a Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Student Vocalists (2020) · cites this paper as Kenny, 2011
In the citing paper
“Currently, CBT with exposure has the strongest research support as an MPA treatment (Kenny, 2011).”
From Piloting a New Model for Treating Music Performance Anxiety: Training a Singing Teacher to Use Acceptance and Commitment Coaching With a Student (2020) · cites this paper as Kenny, 2011
In the citing paper
“Unfortunately, they are contraindicated for vocalists, woodwind and brass instrumentalists, and musicians with breathing disorders like asthma due to their constriction of the airways (Kenny, 2011)”
From Piloting a New Model for Treating Music Performance Anxiety: Training a Singing Teacher to Use Acceptance and Commitment Coaching With a Student (2020) · cites this paper as Kenny, 2011
In the citing paper
“For example, CBT plus exposure therapy is considered best practice for MPA according to research supporting its efficacy (see Kenny, 2011)”
From Piloting a New Model for Treating Music Performance Anxiety: Training a Singing Teacher to Use Acceptance and Commitment Coaching With a Student (2020) · cites this paper as Kenny, 2011
In the citing paper
“Therefore, leading MPA researchers argue CBT with exposure is considered best practice for MPA (Kenny, 2011).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of music performance anxiety: A pilot study with student vocalists (2017) · cites this paper as Kenny, 2011
In the citing paper
“Students with comorbid anxiety disorders were not excluded, as MPA commonly co-occurs with other anxiety disorders and may even be part of those disorders, i.e., Social Phobia, Panic Disorder (Kenny, 2011).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of music performance anxiety: A pilot study with student vocalists (2017) · cites this paper as Kenny, 2011
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 525
Bao, H., & Yu, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1671941 · Cited by 7
Intervención basada en atención plena compasiva en estudiantes de música con sintomatología ansiosa
Cortés-Hernández, N. L., González‐Santoyo, I., Tello, A. L., & Moreno-Coutiño, A. B. (2022) · Psicología y Salud · doi:10.25009/pys.v33i1.2779 · Cited by 7
Williams, S. G., van Ketel, J. E., & Schaefer, R. S. (2023) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043231151416 · Cited by 7
Exploring the impact of windows on musicians’ experience: a neuroarchitecture perspective
Gómez-Sirvent, J. L., Fernández-Sotos, D., Fernández-Sotos, A., Sánchez-Reolid, R., de la Rosa, F. L., & Fernández‐Caballero, A. (2024) · Building Research & Information · doi:10.1080/09613218.2024.2347911 · Cited by 7
Hitting the High Notes: Healthy Aging in Professional Orchestral Musicians
Kenny, D. T., & Ackermann, B. J. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78635-448-820161014 · Cited by 7
Self-citationFacial Recognition of Happiness Is Impaired in Musicians with High Music Performance Anxiety
Sabino, A. D. V., Camargo, C. M., Chagas, M. H. N., & Osório, F. D. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00005 · Cited by 7
Shack, A. R., Meiyappan, S., & Grossman, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01169 · Cited by 6
Fluctuating emotions and motivation: Five stages of the rehearsal and performance process
Sutherland, A., & Southcott, J. (2020) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/0255761420963984 · Cited by 8
Ksondzyk, O. (2020) · Mental Health Global Challenges Journal · doi:10.32437/mhgcj.v4i2.87 · Cited by 7
Pfeifer, E., Stolterfoth, C., Spahn, C., Schmidt, H. U., Timmermann, T., & Wittmann, M. (2020) · Music and Medicine · doi:10.47513/mmd.v12i3.688 · Cited by 7
Mindfulness for Singers: A Mixed Methods Replication Study
Czajkowski, A.-M. L., Greasley, A., & Allis, M. (2021) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043211044816 · Cited by 7
Dempsey, E. E. (2015) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4162 · Cited by 7
Nogaj, A. A. (2017) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1515/ppb-2017-0031 · Cited by 7
Musical performance and emotions in children: The case of musical competitions
Rucsanda, M. D., Cazan, A., & Truţă, C. (2018) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735618810791 · Cited by 9
Bonshor, M. (2014) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 7
Enhancing music performance self-efficacy through psychological skills training
Gill, A. (2019) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 7
Exploring music performance anxiety among fine arts high school music department students in Turkey
Gül, G., Uzunkavak, M. Ç., & Engür, D. (2024) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/02557614241265369 · Cited by 7
Rey, L., Guyon, A. J. A. A., Hildebrandt, H., Güsewell, A., Horsch, A., Nater, U. M., Jamieson, J. P., & Gomez, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1579759 · Cited by 6
Facing the fear: a narrative review on the potential of pressure training in music
de Bie, N., Hill, Y., Pijpers, J. R., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1501014 · Cited by 8
Rasgos de personalidad y variables asociadas a la ansiedad escénica musical
Rodríguez-Mora, Á., & Díaz, R. L. (2020) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.1016/j.anyes.2020.01.002 · Cited by 6
Performance Anxiety Among Musicians
Mumm, J., Fernholz, I., Ströhle, A., Plag, J., & Schmidt, A. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000294 · Cited by 6
Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory
Oh, S., Yu, E.-R., Lee, H.-J., & Yoon, D.-U. (2020) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2020.59.3.250 · Cited by 7
Herrmann, N., Just, M., Zalpour, C., & Möller, D. (2021) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.07.020 · Cited by 9
Lubert, V. J., Nordin‐Bates, S. M., & Gröpel, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164273 · Cited by 6
Overcoming Stage Anxiety with a Solution-Focused Approach
Stackpole, A., & Quiroga-Garza, A. (2023) · Journal of Dance Education · doi:10.1080/15290824.2023.2233969 · Cited by 6
Perdomo-Guevara, E., & Dibben, N. (2024) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356241246052 · Cited by 7
Validity and Efficiency of Breath Exercises to reduce stage fright at the music classroom
Ramos, P. R. (2013) · REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN MUSICAL · doi:10.12967/riem-2013-1-p023-030 · Cited by 6
Aprendizaje musical y ansiedad escénica en edades tempranas: 8-12 años
Urruzola, M. V., & Bernarás, E. (2019) · Revista de Psicodidáctica · doi:10.1016/j.psicod.2019.10.001 · Cited by 6
Bruder, J., Ballenberger, N., Villas, B., Haugan, C., McKenzie, K., Patel, Z., Zalpour, C., Mevawala, A. S., Handl, M. N., & Guptill, C. A. (2021) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05829-9 · Cited by 6
Barbeau, A. (2011) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · doi:10.82308/34452 · Cited by 6
Self-consciousness and trait anxiety influence music performance in high-pressure situations
Hörster, A., & Hansen, J. (2024) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649241249667 · Cited by 5
Willis, S., Mellick, M., Neil, R., & Wasley, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1374773 · Cited by 6
Pan, L., Chen, Q., Lou, L., Gu, Q., Luo, H., Li, P., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1667404 · Cited by 5
Lecuona, O. Z., Moreno‐Jiménez, J. E., Vilte, L. S., de Rivas, S., de la Cruz, Z., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12929 · Cited by 5
Expressivity attributed to music affects the smoothness of bowing movements in violinists
Stefano, N. D., Presti, D. L., Raiano, L., Massaroni, C., Romano, C., Schena, E., Leman, M., & Formica, D. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73593-4 · Cited by 6
Studer, R. K., Nielsen, C., Klumb, P. L., Hildebrandt, H., Nater, U. M., Wild, P. P., Heinzer, R. C., Haba‐Rubio, J., Danuser, B., & Gomez, P. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1574014 · Cited by 5
Ansiedad escénica y ejecución musical en estudiantes del conservatorio de música en Arequipa, 2020
Gonzáles, J. L. A., & Chávez, M. D. R. C. (2021) · ESCENA Revista de las artes · doi:10.15517/es.v81i1.47676 · Cited by 5
Esteve‐Faubel, R. P., Flores, M. D. P. A., Naya, V. C., & Esteve-Faubel, J.-M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733025 · Cited by 7
Diversity, Inclusion, and Access
Smith, T. D., & Hendricks, K. S. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190056285.013.20 · Cited by 5
Music Performance Anxiety : Use of Coping Strategies by Tertiary Flute Players
Sinico, A., & Winter, L. L. (2013) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 5
Yeo, N., & Rowley, J. L. (2020) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/1.17.4.5 · Cited by 5
Guo, Y., Zhao, Y., & Yang, X. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010824 · Cited by 10
Performance Anxiety in Radiology Education and Clinical Practice
Stock, M. R., Mardakhaev, E., & Burns, J. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2023.06.038 · Cited by 5
Lyrical singers: duets with anxiety
Ferreira, M. (2019) · Millenium - Journal of Education Technologies and Health · doi:10.29352/mill0209.06.00228 · Cited by 5
Racial imposter syndrome and music performance anxiety: A case study.
Fraser, T. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081057 · Cited by 4
Heasman-Cossins, C., Winter, D., & Juncos, D. G. (2025) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043251327047 · Cited by 6
Woody, R. H. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197546598.001.0001 · Cited by 9
Dias, P., Batista, M. J., Serra, S., Veríssimo, L., Oliveira‐Silva, P., & Coimbra, D. D. C. (2023) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0362-5 · Cited by 4
Gómez-López, B., & Sánchez-Cabrero, R. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14050083 · Cited by 4
Teacher Perceptions of Memorization in String Instructional Settings: An Exploratory Study
Dakon, J. M., & Dvorak, A. L. (2014) · Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education · doi:10.5406/bulcouresmusedu.202.0029 · Cited by 4
Ansiedade na performance musical: estudo de caso com a Orquestra Filarmonia das Beiras
Zanon, F. T., Marinho, H., Coimbra, D. D. C., & Martins, M. (2016) · Opus · doi:10.20504/opus2016b2213 · Cited by 4
La Ansiedad en la Interpretación Musical: programa de intervención en un coro
Granados, L. M. F., & Bonastre, C. (2021) · Revista Electrónica Complutense de Investigación en Educación Musical - RECIEM · doi:10.5209/reciem.68541 · Cited by 6
Health outcomes of occupational stress in passionate musicians
Portí, E., Parrado, E., Cladellas, R., & Lusar, A. C. (2021) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.5093/anyes2021a7 · Cited by 10
Barros, S., França, A. B., Marinho, H., & Pereira, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1436216 · Cited by 6
Cristóbal, Ú. S. (2017) · Cuadernos de Música Artes Visuales y Artes Escénicas · doi:10.11144/javeriana.mavae13-1.apee · Cited by 4
Requena, S. O. (2019) · REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN MUSICAL · doi:10.1177/2307484119878639 · Cited by 4
Patston, T. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139871310.019 · Cited by 5
Better practice: health promotion in the music conservatoire
Matei, R. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32479563 · Cited by 4
Performance anxiety: the need for an integrative approach
Kantor‐Martynuska, J., & Domaradzka, E. (2018) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.24425/119495 · Cited by 7
Hatfield, J. L., & Williamon, A. (2025) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2025.2543376 · Cited by 3
An investigation of studio music teachers’ strategies to manage music performance anxiety
Mazzarolo, I., Burwell, K., Osborne, M. S., & Schubert, E. (2026) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x251410523 · Cited by 4
Building confidence in music performance: a teacher-led self-efficacy approach
Gill, A., Osborne, M. S., & McPherson, G. E. (2026) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2026.2672352 · Cited by 3
La autoevaluación como destreza en el músico performer
Conti, G., Díaz, A., & Blake, M. G. (2021) · Revista Actos · doi:10.25074/actos.v5i3.1856 · Cited by 3
Chang-Arana, Á. M., Mavrolampados, A., Thompson, M. R., Pokki, N., & Sams, M. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838041 · Cited by 3
Experience and performance type modify anticipatory stress in musicians
Campisi, J., Guy, A., Foss, C., Kidane, F., Greco, S., Szeliga, W., & Spence, A. L. (2023) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356231212384 · Cited by 3
Luszuk, P. M., Stelnicki, P., Lawendowski, R., Czerwiński, S. K., & Atroszko, P. A. (2024) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/176084 · Cited by 3
Vasylevska-Skupa, L., Онофрійчук, Л., Teplova, O., Kushnir, K., & Швець, І. В. (2024) · Convergences - Journal of Research and Arts Education · doi:10.53681/c1514225187514391s.34.270 · Cited by 3
Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Attachment Trauma in Musicians with Severe Music Performance Anxiety
Kenny, D. T. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091270 · Cited by 3
Self-citationBroughton, M. C. (2014) · Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.4172/2161-0487.1000176 · Cited by 3
Musical Performance Anxiety (MPA)
Rocha, S. D. F. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.91646 · Cited by 3
Clearman, J. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37480-8_14 · Cited by 3
León, L. P. D., & Barros, M. J. D. O. (2021) · Revista Electrónica Complutense de Investigación en Educación Musical - RECIEM · doi:10.5209/reciem.69085 · Cited by 3
Music performance anxiety and its relation to parenting style and sensory processing sensitivity
Aubry, L., & Küssner, M. B. (2023) · Jahrbuch der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Musikpsychologie/Jahrbuch Musikpsychologie · doi:10.5964/jbdgm.155 · Cited by 3
MUSIC EDUCATION ASSESSMENTS IN CHINA: BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Yunchao, Z., & Kamarudin, D. (2024) · International Journal of Social Science and Business Management · doi:10.59021/ijssbm.v2i01.100 · Cited by 3
Matei, R., & Ginsborg, J. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0389.16 · Cited by 3
O canto como comunicação interpessoal e intrapessoal
Welch, G. F., Preti, C., & Hamond, L. F. (2018) · Orfeu · doi:10.5965/2525530403012018197 · Cited by 5
Stocking, B. H. (2013) · Cited by 3
Autoeficacia Musical Y Ansiedad Escénica: Variables Relacionadas En Músicos En Formación
Oliveros, L. M. C., Alzugaray, F. J. Z., Rubio, J. E. R., & Casanova, Ó. (2017) · European Scientific Journal ESJ · doi:10.19044/esj.2017.v13n25p1 · Cited by 3
(2012) · Cited by 3
Symptoms, Causes, and Coping Strategies for Performance Anxiety in Singers: A Synthesis of Research
Driskill, K. (2012) · doi:10.33915/etd.3585 · Cited by 3
Music performance anxiety and its anxiety correlatesPreprint
Wiedemann, A. M., Vogel, D., Voss, C., & Hoyer, J. (2019) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/xpjyb · Cited by 3
Díaz‐Morales, J. F., Darder, M. N.-M., & Beleña, F. S. (2013) · Edupsykhé Revista de Psicología y Educación · doi:10.57087/edupsykhe.v12i1.3874 · Cited by 2
Graham, F. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24632-6_10 · Cited by 2
Acceptance and commitment coaching for music performance anxiety in adolescent singers
Paul, A. E., Juncos, D. G., & Winter, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1386559 · Cited by 2
Bond, A., & Petronzi, D. (2025) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2025.2463488 · Cited by 4
Yan, P., Jin, Y., & Suh, K. (2025) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356251365184 · Cited by 2
Šimunovič, N., & Habe, K. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15121696 · Cited by 6
Exploring the structure and functional meaning of pre-performance emotions in young adult musicians
Kaleńska-Rodzaj, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27406-x · Cited by 2
A theoretical framework of performance-viewing medium richness
Zuo, Z., & Au, W. T. (2025) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2025.2600528 · Cited by 2
Akdemir, M. (2025) · İnönü Üniversitesi Kültür ve Sanat Dergisi · doi:10.22252/ijca.1832992 · Cited by 2
Music performance anxiety: evolutionary, developmental, and psychodynamic perspectives
Kenny, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1787319 · Cited by 2
Self-citationZhao, W., & Wong, K. Y. (2026) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356261436414 · Cited by 2
Lampenfieber und Auftrittsangst
Spahn, C. (2019) · Sprache · Stimme · Gehör · doi:10.1055/a-0790-5056 · Cited by 2
Physiological evidence of stress during woodwind sight-reading
Zhukov, K. (2019) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204319840730 · Cited by 2
Música y emoción, un binomio inseparable
Requena, S. O., & Gustems, J. (2021) · Revista Internacional de Educación Emocional y Bienestar · doi:10.48102/rieeb.2021.1.2.11 · Cited by 6
Kurtuldu, M. K. (2022) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/02557614221097407 · Cited by 2
Müzik Performans Kaygısı Alanında Yapılan Araştırmaların Türkiye Ölçeğinde İncelenmesi
Kurtaslan, Z., Sarıkaya, M., Dönmez, E. C., & Kibici, V. B. (2022) · Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.32709/akusosbil.1064639 · Cited by 3
Winarso, W., Alsa, A., & Khilmiyah, A. (2022) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2022-0164 · Cited by 2
Çalışır, Ç., & Eğilmez, H. O. (2022) · Education Quarterly Reviews · doi:10.31014/aior.1993.05.04.680 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Kenny, D.
- Corresponding author
- Kenny, Dianna
- ORCID
- Kenny, Dianna
- Venue
- Oxford University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2011-06-01
- OpenAlex
- W217580096
- Cited by
- 525
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 128.22
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Musicians’ Health and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Keywords
- music performance anxiety, public performance, musicians, anxiety disorders, performance theory, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, anxiety treatment, conceptual framework
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review