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How Children Learn to Write Words
Abstract
Mastering the writing system of one’s language is crucial for success in a modern society. This book examines how children learn to produce writing. The book provides a novel theoretical framework that integrates findings from a wide range of age groups—from children who are producing their first scribbles to experienced spellers who are writing complex words. To set the stage for these discussions, the first section of the book considers the nature of writing systems and the nature of learning itself. Existing theories of spelling acquisition are also discussed. The following chapters take up various aspects of orthographic development, including the learning of symbol shapes and the learning of punctuation in addition to the learning of spelling per se. Each chapter reviews research with learners of a variety of languages and writing systems, revealing crosslinguistic similarities and differences. Discussions of pedagogy are incorporated into each chapter. The book is unique in the range of topics and languages that it covers. Also unique is the way in which the book integrates linguistic insights about the nature of writing systems with discussions of literacy development in children.
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“Not all students in the US with dysgraphia, dyslexia, or OWL LD are being identified and provided with appropriate instruction throughout schooling to ensure they receive appropriate instruction for both their oral language and written language instructional needs as curriculum requirements change across the grades (e.g., see Treiman & Kessler, 2014).”
From Differential Diagnosis of Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, and OWL LD: Behavioral and Neuroimaging Evidence (2015) · cites this paper as Treiman & Kessler, 2014
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Items 201–259 of 259
Stojnić, G., & Lepore, E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.20
Liu, N., Iijima, A., Iwata, Y., Ohashi, K., Fujisawa, N., Sasaoka, T., & Hasegawa, I. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07563-z
Spelling Assessment, Learning, and Instruction in VET
Daffern, T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94532-3_90
The role of orthographic knowledge for reading performance in German elementary school children
Zarić, J. (2021) · Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) · doi:10.21248/gups.61428
Representation of sublexical structure of the word among bilingual and monolingual kindergartners
Zaretsky, E. (2022) · Written Language & Literacy · doi:10.1075/wll.00059.zar
Meletis, D., & Dürscheid, C. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110757835-008
acento gráfico no Ensino Fundamental II: reflexões sobre os textos dos alunos e práticas possíveis
Couto, A. L. D. S., & Guimarães, D. M. L. O. (2020) · Veredas - Revista de Estudos Linguísticos · doi:10.34019/1982-2243.2020.v24.31866
Aprender ortografia: análise do impacto da instrução e construção de práticas
Prado, M. N. L. (2022) · Pimenta Cultural eBooks · doi:10.31560/pimentacultural/2022.95569.41
Zhang, S., Han, B., Hudson, A. K., Moore, K. A., & Malatesha, R. N. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99891-2_14
de Castro, M., & Guimarães, D. M. L. O. (2023) · Revista (Con)Textos Linguísticos · doi:10.47456/cl.v17i36.39917
ANÁLISE ORTOGRÁFICA EM TEXTOS DO ENEM
Guimarães, D. M. L. O., Couto, A. L. D. S., & Lacerda, L. V. (1969) · Cadernos de Educação · doi:10.15210/educacao.vi67.6374
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0088
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0006
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0004
The Vocalic Ambinyms: Pronouncing Ay as /e/, Ee as /i/ and I as /aɪ/ but Oh as /o/ and Yue as /ju/
Heitner, R. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39307-5_4
Cee and Gee: The Consonantal Ambinyms and the Digraph Combination <c> plus <h>
Heitner, R. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39307-5_5
Navneskriving hos norske barn i alderen fire til fem år
Hofslundsengen, H. C., Bøyum, S., & Høgheim, S. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Literacy Research · doi:10.23865/njlr.v10.6149
The Implications and Applications of Developmental Spelling After Phonics Instruction
Templeton, S. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15020195
Aspectos da aquisição da escrita e ortografia por alunos surdos
Rocha, A., & Guimarães, D. M. L. O. (2024) · Caletroscópio · doi:10.58967/caletroscopio.v12.n2.2024.7496
Orozco, M. E. J. (2025) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2024.0682
Levy-Shimon, S., Schiff, R., & Ravid, D. D. (2024) · Written Language & Literacy · doi:10.1075/wll.00084.lev
Variation in creole Papiamento and Dutch spelling development in a post-colonial context
Mercelina, G.-M., Segers, E., Severing, R., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2025) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2025.2530209
Adquisición del sistema de escritura bajo dos condiciones didácticas contrastantes
Zanotti, F., Izuzquiza, M. V., Alvarado, M., & Castedo, M. L. (2025) · Archivos de ciencias de la educación · doi:10.24215/23468866e159
Characteristics of early spelling errors in Arabic: the impact of visual-orthographic features
Yassin, R., & Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y. (2025) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-025-10731-y · Cited by 2
That’s Capital! An Intervention Study of Children’s Capitalization Use
Hawkey, E., Carter, A., Palmer, M. A., & Kemp, N. (2025) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2025.2603257
Abayeva, M., Nazarova, A., & Kazakbayeva, S. (2025) · Tiltanym · doi:10.55491/2411-6076-2025-4-132-144
Yavuz, Ş., Ertekin, Z., Aslan, A., & Çiftçi, H. A. (2025) · Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.60107/maunef.1645634
Williams, G. J., Larkin, R. F., Rose, N. V., Rose, N. V., Hemsley, S. E., & Wood, C. P. (2026) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2025.2602347
Alamri, A. A. H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1714351
Bases cérébrales de l’écriture manuscrite chez l’adulte et l’enfant : de l’orthographe au geste
Palmis, S. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2cc924b9z2522z4b64zbf25ze5353dceaad5
Yeh, T.-F. N. (2026) · Language Teaching for Young Learners · doi:10.1075/ltyl.25060.yeh
Dong, R., Indrajaya, A., Yin, L., & Pan, S. C. (2026) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.70200
Listening & speaking — focus on oral language skills
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c6
Task-based language teaching and young learners
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c4
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.ded
Cognitive, social and affective features
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c3
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.epilogue
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.index
Appendix D. Example of a Mind Map
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app4
Tasks in language education programs, syllabi, and materials
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c5
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app1
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.prelim
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c9
Appendix C. Reading strategies
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app3
Appendix G. Sample task rating sheet
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app7
Timpe‐Laughlin, V., & Butler, Y. G. (2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.refs
Reading & writing — focus on literacy skills
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c7
Appendix F. Sample storytelling task scoring rubric
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app6
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.toc
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c1
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.preface
From children’s first language development to learning an additional language
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c2
Appendix B. Task types mentioned in the book
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app2
Tasks in the young language learner classroom
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c8
Appendix E. Considerations to determine needs for writing in the additional language
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app5
Stanké, B., & Moreau, E. (2026) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-026-10874-6
Implicit Learning in Spelling: The Case of English Names
Kemp, N., Dalton, J., Delany, S., Rebecca Treiman, A., & Brett Kessler, A. (2026) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2026.2691715
Eghbaria-Ghanamah, H., & Ghanamah, R. (2026) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-026-10889-z
Investigating spelling knowledge among U.S. teacher educators: a survey study
Lai, J., Pittman, R. T., Binks‐Cantrell, E., & Joshi, R. M. (2026) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-026-10897-z
Metadata
- Authors
- Treiman, R., & Kessler, B.
- Venue
- Oxford University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2014-05-07
- OpenAlex
- W336531777
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 8.06
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Writing and Handwriting Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- spelling acquisition, spelling development, writing systems, children's writing, literacy development, cross-linguistic comparison, writing instruction, scribbling
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.