The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Exploratory Factor Analysis
Abstract
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has played a major role in research conducted in the social sciences for more than 100 years, dating back to the pioneering work of Charles Spearman on mental abilities. Since that time, EFA has become one of the most commonly used quantitative methods in many of the social sciences, including psychology, business, sociology, education, political science, and communications. To a lesser extent, it has also been utilized within the physical and biological sciences. Despite its long and widespread usage in many domains, numerous aspects of the underlying theory and application of EFA are poorly understood by researchers. Indeed, perhaps no widely used quantitative method requires more decisions on the part of a researcher and offers as wide an array of procedural options as EFA does. This book provides a non-mathematical introduction to the underlying theory of EFA and reviews the key decisions that must be made in its implementation. Among the issues discussed are the use of EFA versus confirmatory factor analysis, the use of principal component analysis versus common factor analysis, procedures for determining the appropriate number of factors, and methods for rotating factor solutions. Explanations and illustrations of the application of different factor analytic procedures are provided for analyses using common statistical packages, as well as a free package available on the web. In addition, practical instructions are provided for conducting a number of useful factor analytic procedures not included in the statistical packages.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Parallel Analysis [40] showed that one factor had to be retained because only one factor had an eigenvalue (raw data eigenvalue = 9.08) greater than the eigenvalue at the 95th percentile for randomly generated data (95th percentile eigenvalue = 1.53) [48].”
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,000
Tahoon, D. M., Abdel-Fattah, N. A., & Hegazi, Y. S. (2022) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2022.102002 · Cited by 10
Hafezi, A., Haroni, H. A., Tabatabaei, S. H., et al. (2024) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106175 · Cited by 9
Cawiding, O. R., Lee, S., Jo, H., Kim, S., Suh, S. A., Joo, E. Y., Chung, S., & Kim, J. K. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109589 · Cited by 10
SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization
Ovezik, C., Karakostas, D., Milad, M., Woods, D., & Kiayias, A. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95761-1_7 · Cited by 17
Dual Rules for Service Evaluation
Rolland, É., Patterson, R. A., Messinger, P. R., Ward, K. F., & Finn, A. H. R. (2013) · Service Science · doi:10.1287/serv.2013.0059 · Cited by 9
Environmental and socio-economic effects of timber harvesting in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Obasi, F. A., Agbo, F. U., & Onyenekwe, C. S. (2015) · African Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5897/ajar2014.9461 · Cited by 9
Comparison of factor retention methods on binary data: A simulation study
Kılıç, A. F., & UYSAL, İ. (2019) · Turkish Journal of Education · doi:10.19128/turje.518636 · Cited by 9
A User-Centered Design Exploration of Factors That Influence the Rideshare Experience
Gangadharaiah, R., Su, H., Rosopa, E. B., Brooks, J. O., Kolodge, K., Boor, L., Rosopa, P. J., & Jia, Y. (2023) · Safety · doi:10.3390/safety9020036 · Cited by 9
Linking Farmers’ Bargaining Power in Trade to their Plans for Future Economic Activities
Lushi, I., Çera, G., Murrja, A., et al. (2023) · South East European Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.2478/jeb-2023-0026 · Cited by 9
Measuring Employee Engagement of South African Managers
Imandin, L., Bisschoff, C. A., & Botha, C. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/09764224.2015.11885529 · Cited by 9
Development of the Brief Social Capital for Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health Scale
Córdova, D., Coleman‐Minahan, K., Bull, S. S., & Borrayo, E. A. (2017) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x17704088 · Cited by 10
Avoidantly Attached Individuals Are More Exchange-Oriented and Less Communal in the Bedroom
Raposo, S., Impett, E. A., & Muise, A. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01813-9 · Cited by 9
Model Selection and Average Proportion Explained Variance in Exploratory Factor Analysis
Raykov, T., & Calvocoressi, L. (2020) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164420963162 · Cited by 9
Theriou, G. N., Chatzoudes, D., & Cesar (2020) · EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL · doi:10.35808/ersj/1725 · Cited by 9
Čelebić, A., Stančić, I., Kovačić, I., et al. (2020) · Slovenian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2478/sjph-2021-0009 · Cited by 9
Development and validation of a latent, multidimensional, self‐report periodontal disease measure
Wright, C. D., Heaton, B., & McNeil, D. W. (2021) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.20-0066 · Cited by 9
What determines patient loyalty in health services? An analysis to assist service quality management
de Oliveira, L. A. B., de Albuquerque, A. P. G., de Carvalho, R. C., et al. (2021) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2021.1960500 · Cited by 9
van Leeuwen, N., Bossema, E. R., Vermeer, R. R., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-015-9432-9 · Cited by 9
Virat, M., Trouillet, R., & Favre, D. (2018) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2018.03.003 · Cited by 9
Examining the Construct of Reading among Dysfluent Urban Children: A Factor Analysis Approach
Pierce, M. E., Katzir, T., Wolf, M., & Noam, G. G. (2010) · Journal of Literacy Research · doi:10.1080/10862961003796140 · Cited by 9
Abidoye, R. B., Ge, J., Ahiadu, A. A., et al. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13081892 · Cited by 8
Guerreiro, M., Pinto, P. S. L. G. D. S., Matos, N., Bagheri, F., Sequeira, B. D., & Parra, A. (2025) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667251335045 · Cited by 11
Dai, Z., & Huang, T. (2025) · Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling Experiments and Design · doi:10.1007/s41939-025-00886-0 · Cited by 8
Sosa-Rubí, S. G., Salinas‐Rodríguez, A., Montoya-Rodríguez, A. A., & Galárraga, O. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1123-1 · Cited by 8
Tyrer, S., Wigham, A., Cicchetti, D. V., et al. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0949-3 · Cited by 8
An Affinity-to-Commons Model of Public Support For Environmental Energy Policy
Merrill, R., & Sintov, N. D. (2016) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.048 · Cited by 8
Plant location factors: a field research
Chatzoglou, P., Chatzoudes, D., Petrakopoulou, Z., & Polychrou, E. (2018) · OPSEARCH · doi:10.1007/s12597-018-0341-1 · Cited by 10
Raksamani, K., & Stalmeijer, R. E. (2019) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1648-1 · Cited by 8
Bayiley, Y. T., & Behaylu, R. H. (2020) · Journal of African Business · doi:10.1080/15228916.2020.1812979 · Cited by 8
Statistical approach to reveal propolis as a potential biopreservative for fruit juices
Chang, Z. Q., Leong, W., & Chua, L. S. (2021) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100051 · Cited by 8
Sustainability Issues of the Coconut Supply Chain in Indonesia
Gunawan, I., Trihastuti, D., & Mulyana, I. J. (2021) · doi:10.1109/ieem50564.2021.9672964 · Cited by 8
Saini, M., Pruett, M. K., & Alschech, J. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02359-1 · Cited by 10
Development and validation of the information security attitude questionnaire (ISA‐Q) for nurses
Kang, J., & Seomun, G. (2022) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1353 · Cited by 7
Development and Validation of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Rejection Sensitivity Scale
Kiekens, W. J., Baams, L., Feinstein, B. A., & Veenstra, R. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02474-6 · Cited by 8
A Voluntary Divide? Exploring the Role of Digitalisation in German Rural Volunteering
Thewes, C., Sept, A., & Richter, R. (2024) · European Countryside · doi:10.2478/euco-2024-0004 · Cited by 8
National Human Resource Development in Brazil
Nery‐Kjerfve, T., Kim, S., Kim, M., et al. (2014) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484314548274 · Cited by 8
Validation of the Gambling Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Chinese Undergraduate Students
Lai, M. H. C., Wu, A. M. S., & Tong, K. K. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9412-7 · Cited by 8
Meijer‐Schaap, L., Dubois, A. E. J., Kollen, B. J., Hulst, J., Blok, B. M. J. F.-D., & Vrijlandt, E. J. L. E. (2018) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-018-2029-7 · Cited by 8
Validation of a Questionnaire for Personality Profiling using Cognitive Diagnostic Modeling
Revuelta, J., Halty, L., & Ximénez, C. (2018) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2018.62 · Cited by 8
Performance of the International Index of Erectile Function tool in men with epilepsy
Dawson, E. A., Stutzman, S. E., Olson, D. M., & Hays, R. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.044 · Cited by 8
Çetinkaya, A., Özmen, D., Uyar, F., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024686 · Cited by 8
Ertaş, M., Sykes, D., & Cater, C. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft · doi:10.1515/tw-2022-0012 · Cited by 8
Role and Authority: An Empirical Study on Internal Auditors in Malaysia
Mahzan, N. D., Zulkifli, N., & Umor, S. (2012) · Asian Journal of Business and Accounting · Cited by 8
A quantitative semantic analysis of Chinese environmental media discourse
Ji, M. (2018) · Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory · doi:10.1515/cllt-2016-0040 · Cited by 9
Shamsalinia, A., Masoudi, R., Rad, R. E., et al. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.055 · Cited by 8
Svensson, R. B., & Regnell, B. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16101-3_15 · Cited by 8
The development and psychometric properties of the grudge aspect measure
van Monsjou, E., Muise, A., Fergus, K. D., & Struthers, C. W. (2022) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12434 · Cited by 10
Comparison Is the Thief of Joy? Introducing the Attitudes Towards Social Comparison Inventory
Schlechter, P., Meyer, T., & Nexhmedin Morina, B. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231203968 · Cited by 11
Louis, S. S., & Petersen, N. (2024) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2024.2361719 · Cited by 7
Bhaduri, E., Pal, S., & Goswami, A. K. (2024) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-024-10563-9 · Cited by 7
Culture and Conflict Management Strategy: The Mediating Role of Instrumental Concerns
Yamini, S., Fousiani, K., Tehrani, H. D., & Wisse, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221241312414 · Cited by 7
Partsch, M. V., Sterner, P., & Goretzko, D. (2025) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2025.2514592 · Cited by 12
Spanish Adaptation of the Relational Ethics Scale
Rived‐Ocaña, M., Schweer‐Collins, M. L., Rodríguez‐González, M., Crabtree, S. A., Botella, L., & Hargrave, T. D. (2020) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-020-09540-y · Cited by 7
Morningness–eveningness assessment from mobile phone communication analysis
Roy, C., Monsivais, D., Bhattacharya, K., Dunbar, R., & Kaski, K. K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93799-0 · Cited by 8
Emotional Agency at Work: The Development and Validation of a Measure
Hökkä, P. K., Räikkönen, E., Ikävalko, H., Paloniemi, S., & Vähäsantanen, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.852598 · Cited by 20
Lindroos, E., Räikkönen, E., Malinen, K., & Rönkä, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02659-0 · Cited by 8
Using Counterfactuals to Improve Causal Inferences From Visualizations
Borland, D., Wang, A. Z., & Gotz, D. (2024) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2023.3338788 · Cited by 12
Analysis of Mixed-Format Assessments Using Measurement Models and Topic Modeling
Xiong, J., Engelhard, G., & Cohen, A. S. (2024) · Measurement Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives · doi:10.1080/15366367.2023.2298135 · Cited by 7
Understanding Online Education in Metaverse: Systems and User Experience Perspectives
Cheng, R., Murat, E., Yu, L.-F., Chen, S., & Han, B. (2024) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr58804.2024.00080 · Cited by 9
Ahiadu, A. A., Abidoye, R. B., & Yiu, T. W. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14103315 · Cited by 7
Women’s agency in Egypt: construction and validation of a multidimensional scale in rural Minya
Salem, R., Cheong, Y. F., Miedema, S. S., et al. (2020) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2020.26.6.652 · Cited by 7
Validation of a 4-item child perception questionnaire in Australian children
Ju, X., Santiago, P. H. R., Do, L., & Jamieson, L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239449 · Cited by 8
Imtiaz, F., Ji, L., & Vaughan‐Johnston, T. I. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01365-8 · Cited by 7
Measuring Institutional Design in U.S. States
LaCombe, S. (2021) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12986 · Cited by 7
Initial Validation of the Mindful Presence Scale: The Issue of the Construal Level of Scale Items
Lengyel, A., Keczeli, D., Orosz, R., Bács, Z., Müller, A., Szőke, S., & Bába, É. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626084 · Cited by 8
Digital Leadership Competencies in the Malaysian Context
Maruthuvellu, S. G., Salamzadeh, Y., & Richardson, C. (2021) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8678-5.ch002 · Cited by 7
Truong, B. Q. Q., Ong, K. I. C., Shibanuma, A., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18389-x · Cited by 7
Weiss, B., Han, S. S., Tran, N. T., Gallop, R., & Ngo, V. K. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9952-z · Cited by 9
Validation of a Psychometric Instrument to Assess Motivation in Veterinary Bachelor Students
Vandeweerd, J., Dugdale, A., & Romainville, M. (2014) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme.0413-063r2 · Cited by 7
Security of energy supply in Japan: a key strategy and solutions
Erdal, L., Pektaş, A. O., Özkan, Ö., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Global Warming · doi:10.1504/ijgw.2015.067416 · Cited by 7
Psychometric Reevaluation of the Spiritual Support Scale in a Sample of Alzheimer's Caregivers
Wilks, S. E., Ketchum, M., Chen, Z., & Bowman, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2013.839212 · Cited by 7
Identification of the Factors that Impact Russian Tourists in Thailand
Lertputtarak, S., Lobo, D., & Yingyong, T. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.282 · Cited by 7
Buck, J. A., Underhill, P. R., Morelli, J. E., et al. (2016) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.4940542 · Cited by 7
What is significant about a single nursing session? An exploratory study
Miller, E. M. (2017) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23004 · Cited by 7
Jong, S., Carrico, A. W., Cooper, B. A., et al. (2017) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.001 · Cited by 7
Composite journal rankings in library and information science: A factor analytic approach
Walters, W. H. (2017) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2017.06.005 · Cited by 7
Kelly, L., Sizmur, S., Käsbauer, S., King, J., Cooper, R., Jenkinson, C., & Graham, C. F. (2018) · Patient Related Outcome Measures · doi:10.2147/prom.s157213 · Cited by 7
An Assessment of Fire Refugia Importance Criteria Ranked by Land Managers
Martinez, A. J., Meddens, A. J. H., Kolden, C. A., et al. (2019) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire2020027 · Cited by 7
Nikfarid, L., Moslemi, M., Nourian, M., Nasiri, M., & Rezayi, F. (2020) · Indian Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_119_19 · Cited by 7
Mehdizadeh, A., Vatanparast, H., Khadem‐Rezaiyan, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.01.011 · Cited by 7
Yang, Y., & Mîndrilă, D. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.17583/ijep.2020.4261 · Cited by 10
Kragting, M., Voogt, L. P., Neijenhuijs, K. I., Pool‐Goudzwaard, A., & Coppieters, M. W. (2020) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03724-1 · Cited by 7
A novel aircraft brake disturbance recognition model
Jiao, Z., Bai, N., Sun, D., et al. (2020) · Aerospace Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ast.2020.106337 · Cited by 7
van Trijp, C. P. J., Lekhal, R., Drugli, M. B., Rydland, V., & Buøen, E. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767137 · Cited by 7
Features influencing Islamic websites use: A Muslim user perspective
Aliyu, M., Mahmud, M., & Tap, A. O. M. (2013) · Cited by 7
Organisational Factors Affecting Learning Transfer In The South African Public Service
Raliphada, N., Coetzee, J., & Ukpere, W. I. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n2p743 · Cited by 7
The impact of multimodal texts on the development of English language proficiency.
Nallaya, S. (2010) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 7
Health and Skill Formation in Early ChildhoodPreprint
Biroli, P. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2877648 · Cited by 6
Ryder, C., Stephens, J. H., Ullah, S., Coombes, J., Cominos, N., Sharpe, P., D’Angelo, S., Cameron, D., Hayes, C. A., Bennett‐Brook, K., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610354 · Cited by 6
Hlynsson, J. I., Sjöberg, A., Ström, L., & Carlbring, P. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2402992 · Cited by 12
Rodger, A., Barsalou, L. W., & Papies, E. K. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12598 · Cited by 6
Gonzalez-Puerto, J. A., & Fernández, S. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12823 · Cited by 6
Kaçak, T., & Kılıç, A. F. (2025) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.1481201 · Cited by 7
Kiymiş, İ., & Yuce, D. N. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2463030 · Cited by 6
Rowsthorn, E., Sim, M. A., O’Brien, W. T., McDonald, S. J., Franks, K. H., Sinclair, B., Chong, T. T. ‐., Yiallourou, S. R., Cavuoto, M. G., Vivash, L. E., et al. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01771-x · Cited by 8
Irfana, S., Panakaje, N., Lasrado, B. S., et al. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06478-0 · Cited by 6
Hierarchical spatiotemporal modeling of human visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Hernandez, H. G., Brown, G., de Lima, I. D., et al. (2023) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011206 · Cited by 6
Matlack, M., Covert, H. H., Shankar, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20247178 · Cited by 6
Khan, S. K., Shiwakoti, N., Stasinopoulos, P., & Warren, M. (2024) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/itr2.12541 · Cited by 5
Dixit, K., Kumar, P., Aashish, K., & Zohair, M. (2025) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm18020046 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University (CA)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- ORCID
- Wegener, Duane T.
- Venue
- Oxford University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2011-12-22
- OpenAlex
- W62989984
- Cited by
- 1,408
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 149 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 21.33
- Type
- book
- Language
- es
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- exploratory factor analysis, factor rotation, number of factors, principal component analysis, common factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, social sciences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review