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Biological and Social Aspects of Human Infertility: A Global Perspective
Abstract
Abstract Infertility remains a neglected area in sexual and reproductive health, yet its consequences are staggering. Infertility is estimated to impact about 10–25% (estimates range from 48 to 180 million) of couples of reproductive age worldwide. It is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes, financial distress, severe social stigma, increased risk of domestic abuse, and marital instability. Although men and women are equally likely to be infertile, women often bear the societal burden of infertility, particularly in societies where a woman’s identity and social value are closely tied to her ability to bear children. Despite these consequences, disparities in access to infertility treatment between low- and high-income populations persist given the high cost and limited geographic availability of diagnostic services and assisted reproductive technologies. In addition, a considerable proportion of infertility is a result of preventable factors, such as smoking, sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy-related infection or unsafe abortion, and environmental contaminants. Accordingly, programs that address the equitable prevention and treatment of infertility are not only in keeping with a reproductive rights perspective but can also improve public health. However, progress on infertility as a global concern in the field of sexual and reproductive health and rights is stymied by challenges in understanding the global epidemiology of infertility, including its causes and determinants, barriers to accessing quality fertility care, and a lack of political will and attention to this issue. The tracking and measurement of infertility are highly complex, resulting in considerable ambiguity about its prevalence and stratification in reproduction globally. A renewed global focus on infertility epidemiology, risk factors, and access to and receipt of quality of care will support individuals in trying to reach their desired number and spacing of children and improve overall health and well-being.
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“They are denied many privileges in the family and are seen as worthless and useless [27,28].”
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(2007) · Fertility and Sterility
UnresolvedExamining congruence between partners’ perceived infertility-related stress and its relationship to marital adjustment and depression in infertile couples.
(2003) · Family Process
UnresolvedCoping processes of couples experiencing infertility.
(2006) · Family Relations
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(2012) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2005) · Human Reproduction Update
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(2019) · Acta Medica Portuguesa
UnresolvedEstimating infertility prevalence in low-to-middle-income countries: An application of a current duration approach to demographic and health survey data.
(2017) · Human Reproduction
UnresolvedMissed conceptions or misconceptions: Perceived infertility among unmarried young adults in the United States.
(2012) · Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2013) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2015) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2015) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2018) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2019) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2017) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
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(2003) · Contraception
UnresolvedSelf-perception of infertility among female adolescents.
(1993) · American Journal of Diseases of Children (1960)
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2006) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2009) · Clinical Psychology Review
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(2012) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online
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(2011) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
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(2014) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
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(2000) · Sex Roles
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(2016) · BMC Women’s Health
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(2019) · The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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(2013) · Perspectives in Public Health
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(2017) · Human Reproduction
UnresolvedInfecundity, infertility, and childlessness in developing countries
(2004)
UnresolvedReligious aspects of assisted reproduction.
(2016) · Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn
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(2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research
UnresolvedSocio-demographic correlates of women’s infertility and treatment seeking behavior in India.
(2016) · Journal of Reproduction and Infertility
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(2010) · Human Reproduction Update
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(2015) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
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(2006) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research
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(2008) · Epidemiology
UnresolvedPsychosocial burden of infertility and assisted reproduction.
(2006) · The Lancet
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2003) · Human Reproduction
UnresolvedDoes infertility cause marital benefit? An epidemiological study of 2250 women and men in fertility treatment.
(2005) · Patient Education and Counseling
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(1995) · Human Reproduction
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(2013) · Nature Reviews Urology
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(2009) · Journal of Loss and Trauma
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(2020) · Cryobiology
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(2013) · Human Reproduction Update
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(2013) · Human Reproduction
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(2020) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2009) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
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(2018) · The New England Journal of Medicine
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(2008) · Asian Journal of Andrology
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(2019) · Open Medicine
UnresolvedThe world’s back womb?”: Commercial surrogacy and infertility inequalities in India.
(2014) · American Anthropologist
UnresolvedFertility control: Reproductive desires, kin work, and women’s status in contemporary India.
(2017) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly
UnresolvedNumbering others: Religious demography, identity, and fertility management experiences in contemporary India.
(2020) · Social Science & Medicine
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(2008) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
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(2017) · BMJ
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(2015) · Physiological Reviews
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(2017) · The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2007) · Human Reproduction
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(2014) · Epidemiologic Reviews
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(2006) · Epidemiology
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(2012) · Human Reproduction
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(2016) · Sociological Inquiry
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(2017) · Human Reproduction
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(2003) · JAMA
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2016) · Politics and the Life Sciences
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2018) · The Lancet
UnresolvedA systematic review and narrative report of the relationship between infertility, subfertility, and intimate partner violence.
(2016) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2006) · Fertility and Sterility
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2016) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing
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(2017) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
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(2015) · Women’s Health
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(1997) · Patient Education and Counseling
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(2018) · Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries
UnresolvedThe question of declining sperm density revisited: An analysis of 101 studies published 1934–1996.
(2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives
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(2015) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
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(2000) · Lancet
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(2018) · Fertility and Sterility
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2013) · British Medical Journal
UnresolvedUntitled work
(n.d.) · The Walking Egg
UnresolvedThe Walking Egg
(2019) · The Walking Egg
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(2015) · Journal of Women’s Health
UnresolvedPrevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach.
(2013) · Fertility and Sterility
UnresolvedUntitled work
(1991) · Human Reproduction
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(2019) · Journal of Clinical Pathology
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(2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
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(2015) · Andrology
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(2016) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
UnresolvedDHS overview
(n.d.)
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2015)
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2010) · South Asian History and Culture
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(2018) · Human Reproduction
UnresolvedQuality of infertility care in poor-resource areas and the introduction of new reproductive technologies.
(2001) · Human Reproduction
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2014) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2012) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2010) · Human Reproduction
UnresolvedWeaknesses, strengths and needs in fertility care according to patients.
(2010) · Human Reproduction
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2018) · The New England Journal of Medicine
UnresolvedWahlberg, A. (2010). Assessing vitality: Infertility and good life in urban China. In J. Yorke (Ed.), The right to life and the value of life: Orientations in law, politics and ethics (pp. 371–398). Routledge.
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(2006) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
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(2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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(1997) · Patient Education and Counseling
UnresolvedUntitled work
(1986) · Biometrics
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2011) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology
UnresolvedSexually transmitted diseases and infertility.
(1994) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases
UnresolvedPelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results.
(1992) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2019) · Sexual Medicine Reviews
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(2006) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2009) · Health Policy and Planning
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(1985) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
UnresolvedGiving birth: The voices of Ghanaian women.
(2010) · Health Care for Women International
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(2013) · Human Reproduction
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(2018) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
UnresolvedFecundity and natural fertility in humans.
(1989) · Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology
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(n.d.)
UnresolvedUntitled work
(n.d.)
UnresolvedUntitled work
(1992)
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2010) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization
UnresolvedWHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen
(2010)
UnresolvedInfertility
(2020)
UnresolvedUntitled work
(2013) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2019) · Animal Models and Experimental Medicine
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(2018) · Research in Nursing & Health
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(2018) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
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(2009) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
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(2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies
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(2017) · Fertility and Sterility
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(2019) · JBRA Assisted Reproduction
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(2016) · Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
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(2014) · European Urology
Unresolved
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tricotteaux-Zarqaoui, S., Lahimer, M., Diwan, M. A., Corona, A., Candela, P., Cabry, R., Bach, V., Khorsi‐Cauet, H., & Khalifa, M. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1466967 · Cited by 54
A comprehensive review and update on human fertility cryopreservation methods and tools
Antonouli, S., Nisio, V. D., Messini, C. I., Daponte, A. I., Rajender, S., & Anifandis, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1151254 · Cited by 38
Han, Z., Liu, J., Liu, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136212 · Cited by 29
The psychosocial impact of male infertility on men undergoing ICSI treatment: a qualitative study
de Vries, C. E. J., Veerman-Verweij, E. M., van den Hoogen, A., Ginkel, J. M. D. M., & Ockhuijsen, H. D. L. (2024) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-024-01749-6 · Cited by 29
“However, there is a social belief that infertility is a feminine issue [17], as a result of which women are conceptualized as the centre of infertility [16].”
BackgroundVarlas, V. N., Rhazi, Y., Cloțea, E., Roxana Georgiana, B. O. R. S., Mirică, R., & Bacalbaşa, N. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10163749 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Thoma, M., Fledderjohann, J., Cox, C., & Kantum Adageba, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- St. Catherine University (US)
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Komfo Anoyke Teaching Hospital
- Venue
- Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health
- Publisher
- Oxford University PressNew York, NY
- Published
- 2021-03-25
- OpenAlex
- W2971514747
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 441
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
- Keywords
- infertility, reproductive rights, assisted reproduction, sexual and reproductive health, domestic violence, marital instability, financial distress, infertility risk factors
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