Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in women with a normal and hypertensive pregnancy
Open accessAbstract
Background An increase in total body water is common in normal pregnancy. It is thought to be an important mechanism of maternal adaptation to pregnancy. Objective The aim of the present study was to assess longitudinal changes in body water compartments in pregnant women and to correlate these measurements with the course of pregnancy. Design One hundred seventy-three pregnant women with apparently normal, single pregnancies participated in this longitudinal study. Anthropometric measurements and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance were performed during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Results One hundred three of the women completed all of the measurements; 50 of the women had a normal pregnancy and 13 had gestational hypertension. Total body water, extracellular water, and intracellular water values in normal pregnancies showed a significant, progressive increase throughout pregnancy. In women with gestational hypertension, total body water, extracellular water, and intracellular water values showed an opposite trend, suggesting a lack of plasma volume expansion through fluid-retention mechanisms. Conclusions Our results show that multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis can be used to monitor variations in body water compartments in normal pregnancy and detect gestational hypertension.
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Deviance from a physiological trajectory might be intertwined with gestational complications such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, and others.
“While these modifications are pivotal to support fetal development, their deviance from a physiological trajectory might be intertwined with some gestational complications such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, fetal growth restriction and others [2-5].”
From Trimester-Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Reference Curves in Physiological Pregnancy: Mapping Maternal Body Composition and Hydration Trajectories (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
Deviations above the 95th centile describe statistical non-conformity relative to a physiological cohort, presenting a hypothesis-generating marker that requires prospective testing in cohorts with fluid overload or hypertensive complications.
“Deviations above the 95th centile describe statistical non-conformity relative to a physiological cohort, presenting a hypothesis-generating marker that requires prospective testing in cohorts with fluid overload or hypertensive complications [2,28].”
From Trimester-Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Reference Curves in Physiological Pregnancy: Mapping Maternal Body Composition and Hydration Trajectories (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
The remarkable stability of the TBW trajectory across different pre-pregnancy BMI strata suggests that gestational fluid expansion is a highly preserved, 'hardwired' evolutionary adaptation designed to support placental perfusion.
“The remarkable stability of the TBW trajectory across different pre-pregnancy BMI strata suggested that gestational fluid expansion is a highly preserved, 'hardwired' evolutionary adaptation designed to support placental perfusion [1-3].”
From Trimester-Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Reference Curves in Physiological Pregnancy: Mapping Maternal Body Composition and Hydration Trajectories (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
In uncomplicated pregnancies, the cardiovascular and renal remodeling required to expand plasma volume operates within strict physiological boundaries, largely shielded from baseline maternal adiposity.
“In uncomplicated pregnancies, the cardiovascular and renal remodeling required to expand plasma volume operates within strict physiological boundaries, largely shielded from baseline maternal adiposity [2,22].”
From Trimester-Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Reference Curves in Physiological Pregnancy: Mapping Maternal Body Composition and Hydration Trajectories (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
Cites
Blood Volume Changes in Normal Pregnancy
Hytten, F. (1985) · Clinics in Haematology · doi:10.1016/s0308-2261(21)00496-3 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
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Abduljalil, K., Furness, P., Johnson, T. N., Rostami-Hodjegan, A., & Soltani, H. (2012) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/11597440-000000000-00000 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Piuri, G., Ferrazzi, E., Bulfoni, C., Mastricci, L., Di Martino, D., & Speciani, A. F. (2017) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1265929 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Di Martino, D. D., Sabattini, E., Viscioni, L., Cerri, S., Radaelli, T., Ornaghi, S., Belfiore, J., Stampalija, T., Nuredini, R., Privitera, G., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18203341
- Authors
- Valensise, H., Andreoli, A., Lello, S., Magnani, F., Romanini, C., & De Lorenzo, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 780-783
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1902865613
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, total body water, extracellular water, intracellular water, gestational hypertension, pregnancy, plasma expansion, fluid retention, body water compartments
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Water, Extracellular Space, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Intracellular Fluid, Longitudinal Studies, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular, Reference Values, Electric Impedance
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