Cited by 425Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Survival Bias Associated with Time-to-Treatment Initiation in Drug Effectiveness Evaluation: A Comparison of Methods

Zhou, Zheng, Rahme, Elham, Abrahamowicz, Michal, Pilote, Louise·2005·American Journal of Epidemiology

DOI 10.1093/aje/kwi307

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The authors compared five methods of studying survival bias associated with time-to-treatment initiation in a drug effectiveness study using medical administrative databases (1996-2002) from Quebec, Canada. The first two methods illustrated how survival bias could be introduced. Three additional methods were considered to control for this bias. Methods were compared in the context of evaluating statins for secondary prevention in elderly patients post-acute myocardial infarction who initiated statins within 90 days after discharge and those who did not. Method 1 that classified patients into users and nonusers at discharge resulted in an overestimation of the benefit (38% relative risk reduction at 1 year). In method 2, following users from the time of the first prescription and nonusers from a randomly selected time between 0 and 90 days attenuated the effect toward the null (10% relative risk reduction). Method 3 controlled for survival bias by following patients from the end of the 90-day time window; however, it suffered a major loss of statistical efficiency and precision. Method 4 matched prescription time distribution between users and nonusers at cohort entry. Method 5 used a time-dependent variable for treatment initiation. Methods 4 and 5 better controlled for survival bias and yielded similar results, suggesting a 20% risk reduction of recurrent myocardial infarction or death events.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/aje/kwi307

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793
Survival analysis using the SAS system : a practical guide
Allison, P. D. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,402
A Reevaluation of the Duration of Survival after the Onset of Dementia
Wolfson, C. M., Wolfson, D. B., Asgharian, M., M’lan, C. E., Østbye, T., Rockwood, K. J., & Hogan, D. B. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200104123441501 · Cited by 553
Inhaled Steroids and the Risk of Hospitalization for Asthma
Donahue, J. G. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540350037030 · Cited by 510
COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of serious coronary heart disease
Ray, W. A., Stein, C., Daugherty, J. R., Hall, K., Arbogast, P. G., & Griffin, M. R. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11131-7 · Cited by 503
Confounding by Indication: An Example of Variation in the Use of Epidemiologic Terminology
Salas, M., Hotman, A., & Stricker, B. H. C. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009758 · Cited by 472
Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin
MacDonald, T. M., & Li, W. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12509-3 · Cited by 419
Lipid-Lowering Therapy With Statins in High-Risk Elderly Patients
Ko, D. T., Mamdani, M., & Alter, D. A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.15.1864 · Cited by 412
Effect of lipid-lowering therapy on early mortality after acute coronary syndromes: an observational study
Aronow, H. D., Topol, E. J., Roe, M. T., Houghtaling, P. L., Wolski, K. E., Lincoff, A. M., Harrington, R. A., Califf, R. M., Ohman, E. M., Kleiman, N. S., et al. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04257-4 · Cited by 308
Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Risk of Mortality and Readmission In Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Sin, D. D., & Tu, J. V. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.4.2009033 · Cited by 305

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 26 references

1 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 425

Methodological challenges to control for immortal time bias in addressing drug effects in type 2 diabetes
Yang, X. (2015) · World Journal of Methodology · doi:10.5662/wjm.v5.i3.122 · Cited by 4
Public Health Outcomes May Differ After Switching from Brand-Name to Generic Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Leclerc, J., Blais, C., Rochette, L., Hamel, D., Guénette, L., Beaudoin, C., & Poirier, P. (2020) · Drugs in R&D · doi:10.1007/s40268-020-00307-2 · Cited by 4
Adapting SIMEX to correct for bias due to interval‐censored outcomes in survival analysis with time‐varying exposure
Abrahamowicz, M., Beauchamp, M., de Moura, C. S., Bernatsky, S., Guerra, S. F., & Danieli, C. (2022) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/bimj.202100013 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
The risk of major adverse cardiovascular events associated with the use of hypnotics in patients with insomnia
El-Solh, A., Lawson, Y., & Wilding, G. E. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.05.006 · Cited by 4
Atrial Fibrillation in Adult Congenital Heart Increase Ischemic Stroke Risk Even at Low CHA2DS2-VASc Score
Lin, Y., Huang, Y., Lin, C., Wu, V. C., Kao, Y., Chiang, H., & Chu, P. (2023) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2408225 · Cited by 4
Associations Between Immune-Related Venous Thromboembolism and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Li, H., Li, H., Tang, L., Niu, H., He, L., & Luo, Q. (2023) · Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis · doi:10.1177/10760296231206799 · Cited by 4
Metformin and the risk of cancer in type 2 diabetes: methodological challenges and perspectives.
Yang, X., & Chan, J. C. N. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.06.07 · Cited by 4
Can We Predict Individual Combined Benefit and Harm of Therapy? Warfarin Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation as a Test Case
Li, G., Thabane, L., Delate, T., Witt, D. M., Levine, M., Cheng, J., & Holbrook, A. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160713 · Cited by 4
Reply
Trojano, M., & Pellegrini, F. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21372 · Cited by 4
US Real-World Effectiveness Study of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Preventing Hospitalization of High-Risk COVID-19 Patients
Cullen, M. R., Zhou, X., Kelly, S. P., Liang, C., Li, L., Shen, R., Leister-Tebbe, H. K., Terra, S. G., Gaffney, M., & Russo, L. (2024) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100757 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of Time-related Bias With Non-user Control
Morita, H., Matsuura, K., Seya, N., & Taguri, M. (2025) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20250126 · Cited by 3
Positive Airway Pressure therapy predicts lower mortality and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events incidence in medicare beneficiaries with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Mazzotti, D. R., Waitman, L. R., Miller, J. J., Sundar, K. M., Stewart, N. H., Gozal, D., Song, X., & Collaborative, G. P. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.1013 · Cited by 3
Safety and Efficacy of a Preemptive Mycophenolate Mofetil Dose Reduction Strategy in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Yatim, K. M., Jurdi, A. A., Mouhayyar, C. E., Morená, L., Hullekes, F. E., Verhoeff, R., Ribas, G. T., Pearson, D. S., & Riella, L. V. (2024) · Transplantation Direct · doi:10.1097/txd.0000000000001697 · Cited by 3
The misclassification of depression and anxiety disorders in the multiple sclerosis prodrome: A probabilistic bias analysis
Yusuf, F. L. A., Karim, M. E., Gustafson, P., Sutherland, J. M., Zhu, F., Zhao, Y., Marrie, R. A., & Tremlett, H. L. (2024) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.12.006 · Cited by 3
The Association of Niacin Use with Kidney Outcomes and Mortality
Takahashi, R., Bui, T.-A., Elali, I., Tran, D., Sumida, K., Thomas, F., Dukkipati, R. B., Shah, A. P., Rhee, C. M., Kovesdy, C. P., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000543098 · Cited by 3
Investigating the long-term consequences of adverse medical events among older adults
Carter, M., Zhu, M., Xiang, J., & Porell, F. W. (2014) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2013-041043 · Cited by 3
The implications of catheter ablation for solitary atrial flutter in preventing stroke risk: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Lin, Y., Wu, V. C., Wang, H., Chen, H., Chen, M., Chang, S., Chu, P., & Chen, Y. (2020) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euaa164 · Cited by 3
A Tree-based Bayesian Accelerated Failure Time Cure Model for Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effect
Sun, R., & Song, X. (2023) · Bayesian Analysis · doi:10.1214/23-ba1402 · Cited by 3
Association between long-term use of calcium channel blockers (CCB) and the risk of breast cancer: a retrospective longitudinal observational study protocol
Ho, C. L. B., Ha, N. T., Youens, D., Abhayaratna, W. P., Bulsara, M. K., Hughes, J., Mishra, G. D., Pearson, S., Preen, D. B., Reid, C. M., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080982 · Cited by 3
Effectiveness by gender and age of renin‐angiotensin system blockade in heart failure—A national register‐based cohort study
Ohlsson, A., Lindahl, B., Pingel, R., Hanning, M., & Westerling, R. (2020) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.4958 · Cited by 3
Antipsychotic Use and Foster Care Placement Stability Among Youth With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity/ Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Tai, M., Shaw, T. V., & dosReis, S. (2016) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2016.1182096 · Cited by 3
In Solid Organ Injury Patients Requiring Blood Transfusion, Hemostatic Procedures are Associated with Improved Survival Over Observation
Respicio, J. A., & Culhane, J. T. (2023) · Journal of Emergencies Trauma and Shock · doi:10.4103/jets.jets_146_22 · Cited by 3
Can joint replacement reduce cardiovascular risk?
Karim, M. E. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f6651 · Cited by 3
Causal inference approaches for dealing with time-dependent confounding in longitudinal studies, with applications to multiple sclerosis research
Karim, M. E. (2015) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0167113 · Cited by 3
Issues and challenges for research in major trauma
Swain, S., & Stiff, G. (2018) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2017-207082 · Cited by 4
Association of COVID-19 with risks of hospitalization and mortality from other disorders post-infection: A study of the UK BiobankPreprint
Xiang, Y., Zhang, R., Qiu, J., & So, H. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.22272811 · Cited by 3
Commentary: Maintenance with hypomethylating agents after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Beauvais, D., Wattebled, K., Drumez, É., & Yakoub‐Agha, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1051526 · Cited by 3
Best (but often forgotten) Statistical Practices: Measuring Real-World Intervention Effectiveness using Electronic Health Data
Wolfson, J. A., & Venkatasubramaniam, A. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.006 · Cited by 2
Immortal time bias tends to be more pronounced in methodological studies than in empirical studies: a metaepidemiological study
Zhang, X., Xu, J., He, Q., Wang, Y., Xie, S., Zhang, X., Zou, K., Wang, W., & Sun, X. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111936 · Cited by 2
Urate-lowering therapy and risk of cardiorenal mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and asymptomatic hyperuricemia
Chuan, C.-F., Hwang, S.-J., & Huang, Y. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112947 · Cited by 2
Depression, anxiety and adjustment disorder among patients with psoriasis receiving systemic agents: A retrospective cohort study in Quebec, Canada
Milan, R., LeLorier, J., Brouillette, M., Holbrook, A. M., Litvinov, I. V., & Rahme, E. (2022) · JEADV Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/jvc2.41 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Benefits of Repeated Matched-Cohort and Nested Case–Control Analyses with Time-dependent Exposure in Observational Studies
Hossain, M. B., Wong, H., Sadatsafavi, M., Johnston, J. C., Cook, V. J., & Karim, M. E. (2024) · Statistics in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12561-024-09461-6 · Cited by 2
Impact of discontinuing disease-modifying therapies on health care utilization among midlife patients with multiple sclerosis in the United States
Qian, Y., Thorpe, C. T., Tak, C. R., Iyer, S., Seyerle, A. A., & Thorpe, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.11.1248 · Cited by 2
Simultaneously Dealing With Immortal Time Bias and Residual Confounding: A Case Study of a High‐Dimensional Propensity Score Approach With a Nested Case–Control Framework in Multiple Sclerosis Research
Hossain, M. B., Ng, H. S., Zhu, F., Tremlett, H. L., & Karim, M. E. (2025) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.70174 · Cited by 2
Immortal time bias
Yang, S., & Berdine, G. G. (2022) · The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles · doi:10.12746/swrccc.v10i42.991 · Cited by 2
Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Relation to Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Slaughter, J. L., & Klebanoff, M. A. (2017) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2597 · Cited by 2
Identifying Bias in Clinical Cancer Research
Vera-Badillo, F., & Riechelmann, R. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71324-3_14 · Cited by 2
The Prescription of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Risk of Endometriosis in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Chen, C., Livneh, H., Chen, W.-J., Wang, Y., Lu, M., Yeh, C.-C., Yen, C.-T., & Tsai, T. (2022) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s386134 · Cited by 2
Effect of Lipid‐Lowering Drugs on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Dyslipidemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Lin, Y.-C., Tsao, H.-M., Lai, T.-S., Chen, Y.-T., Chou, Y.-H., Lin, S.-L., Chen, Y.-M., Hung, K.-Y., & Tu, Y.-X. (2023) · Clinical pharmacology and therapy · doi:10.1002/cpt.3060 · Cited by 2
Comment on: Effectiveness of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation in an Italian ICU
Bonazzetti, C., Milazzo, L., Giacomelli, A., Oreni, L. M., Colombo, R., Ridolfo, A. L., & Antinori, S. (2021) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkab033 · Cited by 2
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Karim, M. E., Gustafson, P., Petkau, J., & Tremlett, H. L. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kww158 · Cited by 2
Immortal time bias in a retrospective study examining colorectal cancer mortality according to adherence to colonoscopy
Winters, C., & Ford, A. C. (2022) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328419 · Cited by 2
Re: The association between glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and/or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist prescriptions and substance‐related outcomes in patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders: A real‐world data analysis
Wang, Y., & Winterstein, A. G. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16779 · Cited by 2
Assessment of second primary malignancies among treated and untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia using real-world data from the USA
Ailawadhi, S., Ravelo, A., Ng, C. D., Shah, B., Lamarre, N., Wang, R., Eakle, K., & Biondo, J. M. L. (2024) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.57264/cer-2023-0119 · Cited by 1
Real‐World Effectiveness of All‐Oral Direct‐Acting Antivirals in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus‐Related HCC
Chang, S., Cabrera, R., Heo, J., Park, C., Guo, J. S., & Park, H. (2024) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.3481 · Cited by 1
Risk of Heart Failure-related Events in Patients Exposed to Medical Cannabis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Dubois, C., Eurich, D. T., Dyck, J. R. B., Hyshka, E., Hanlon, J. G., & Zongo, A. (2025) · American Journal of Medicine Open · doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2025.100120 · Cited by 1
Initiation of opioid agonist treatment following hospital-treated opioid toxicities and the risk of repeat events in Ontario, Canada: a cohort study using inverse probability of treatment weights
Ledlie, S., Tadrous, M., Bayoumi, A. M., McCormack, D., Kent, J. T., Besharah, J., Munro, C., & Gomes, T. (2025) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-002779 · Cited by 1
Breast cancer risk during oral contraceptive use in women with high polygenic risk
Chatsatourian, C., Faro, V. L., Karlsson, T., Hadizadeh, F., & Johansson, Å. (2025) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13058-025-02177-5 · Cited by 2
Iterative time distribution matching for target trial emulation
Abdelsalam, M. A., Dalol, A., Khanafer, Y., Javed, M., Shi, Z., Doi, S. A. R., & Abdulmajeed, J. (2026) · Current Opinion in Epidemiology and Public Health · doi:10.1097/pxh.0000000000000072 · Cited by 1
On the Statistical Limitations of Landmark Analysis for Addressing Immortal Time Bias
Wan, F. (2026) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.70679 · Cited by 1
Analytical challenges in estimating the effect of exposures that are bounded by follow-up time: experiences from the Blood Stream Infection—Focus on Outcomes study
Evans, R., Pike, K., MacGowan, A. P., & Rogers, C. A. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01393-9 · Cited by 1
Statistical Challenges for Causal Inference Using Time-to-Event Real-World Data
Wang, J., Zhang, H., & Tiwari, R. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26328-6_13 · Cited by 1
Sleep disorders and sleep medications as risk factors for dementia in kidney transplant recipients: A retrospective cohort study
Chen, Y., Long, J. J., Ghildayal, N., Li, Y., Gao, C., Chou, B., Cheng, K., Wilson, M., DeMarco, M. P., Ali, N. M., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2025.06.013 · Cited by 1
Walking autonomy in chronic dialysis patients: insights from a nationwide registry and focus group analysis
Naudin, M., Couchoud, C., Lassalle, M., Goin, N., François, M., Serru, M., Virdol, R., Ganea, A., Dedenis, D., Ferreira, A., et al. (2025) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaf213 · Cited by 1
Bayesian analysis of longitudinal studies with treatment by indication
Mozer, R., & Glickman, M. E. (2022) · Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology · doi:10.1007/s10742-022-00295-7 · Cited by 1
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in dialysis patients
Mills, M. T. (2019) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111281 · Cited by 1
Immortal time bias in the association of n-3 fatty acid supplementation and atrial fibrillation
Alonso, Á. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-009-0615-x · Cited by 1
A retrospective study of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease : the effect of cerebrovascular disease on patient outcomes and the impact of biases on the results
Charbonneau, C. (2010) · doi:10.71781/27198 · Cited by 1
Re: Pregnancies, Breastfeeding, and Breast Cancer Risk in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study (IBCCS)
Huiart, L., & Sylvestre, M. (2007) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djm039 · Cited by 1
Use of Medications for Management of Alzheimer’s Disease in Ontario’s Home Care Population
Jantzi, M. (2010) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 1
SAT0132 LONG-TERM SAFETY, IMMUNOGENICITY AND EFFICACY IN RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, AND OPEN-LABEL EXTENSION STUDIES COMPARING FKB327, AN ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR, WITH THE ADALIMUMAB REFERENCE PRODUCT IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Alten, R., Genovese, M. C., Muniz, R., & Kellner, H. L. (2019) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.972 · Cited by 1
Response to letter entitled: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab pre-exposure prophylaxis and breakthrough infection risk in vaccinated solid organ transplant recipients: Concern for immortal time bias effect
Jurdi, A. A., Morená, L., & Riella, L. V. (2023) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2023.01.009 · Cited by 1
Re: Association of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNAemia With Long-term Mortality in a Randomized Trial of Preemptive Therapy and Antiviral Prophylaxis for Prevention of CMV Disease in High-Risk Donor Seropositive, Recipient Seronegative Liver Transplant Recipients
Yates, T., & Halliday, N. (2024) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciae004 · Cited by 1
Appraisal model for joint logistic supply of military medical materials:construction and application
Ning, L. I. U., ZHANG, L.-L., Guo-quan, R. E. N., Shu-bin, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yuan, L. I. U. (2009) · Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1008.2008.00885
Obesity, Physical Activity, and Cardio-metabolic Disorders in Older Adults
Dhana, K. (2016) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
The Progression of Serious Mental Disorders to Mortality in Primary Care
Vallerand, I. A. (2016) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/28283
Prevention of Trastuzumab and Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity Using Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Beta-Blockers in Breast Cancer Patients
Wittayanukorn, S. (2015)
Reply
Parikh, N. D., Singal, A. G., Lok, A. S.-F., Balkrishnan, R., Shahinian, V. B., & Marshall, V. D. (2017) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.29248
Functional Outcome After Intracranial Presuure Monitoring—Reply
Bennett, T. D., Greene, T., & Keenan, H. T. (2018) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5662
Serial Cardiac Nuclear Imaging: Opportunities and Challenges
Proctor, P., & Hage, F. G. (2018) · Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports · doi:10.1007/s12410-018-9442-8
Asthma in electronic health records: validity and phenotyping
Nissen, F. (2019) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · doi:10.17037/pubs.04653375
Early Life Exposure to Antibiotics and Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Delara, M. (2019) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Diabetes, metformin and gastric adenocarcinoma
Zheng, J. (2021) · Figshare
Association of COVID-19 vaccination with risks of hospitalization due to cardiovascular and other diseases: A study of the UKPreprint
Xiang, Y., Feng, Y., Qiu, J., Zhang, R., & So, H. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.08.15.21262097
Metformin Use and Risk of Total Joint Replacement in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort StudyPreprint
Zhu, Z., Huang, J. Y., Ruan, G., Cao, P., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Han, W., Chen, T., Cai, X., Liu, J., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3894381
Ivabradine in Heart Failure Patients With Reduced Ejection Fraction and History of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation From Multi-Center ExperiencesPreprint
Lin, Y., Jan, J., Chang, J.-J., Lin, M., Yang, T., Wang, P., & Chen, M. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3961382
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Impact of All-Oral Direct-Acting Antivirals on Clinical and Economic Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C in the United States.
Dieterich, D., & Rivas, C. R. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734161454.793557418
Reply: Immortal time bias in a retrospective study examining colorectal cancer mortality according to adherence to colonoscopy
Zorzi, M., Battagello, J., & Amidei, C. B. (2022) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328905
Letter to the Editor. Challenges of immortal time biases in observational research
Nead, K. T., Haas, A. M., Joo, L., & Wehner, M. R. (2022) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2022.10.jns222203
Mishandling of immortal time bias in observational studies- we can do better
Kiri, V. A. (2022) · Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal · doi:10.15406/bbij.2022.11.00366
Elucidating the association between direct-acting antivirals and Parkinson's disease in patients with hepatitis C virus infection
Hernandez‐Con, P., Desai, R. A., Nelson, D. R., & Park, H. (2024) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106557
What Are the Impacts of Introducing an SGLT2 Inhibitor after a Recent Episode of Acute Kidney Injury?
de Moraes, T. P. (2024) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000000000000386
Real-world evidence of sotrovimab effectiveness for preventing severe outcomes in patients with COVID-19: A quality improvement propensity-matched retrospective cohort study of a pan-provincial program in Alberta, Canada
Farmer, G., Sikdar, K. C., Lo, T., Conly, J. M., Slobodan, J., Ross, J., James, S., Usman, H., Kemp, K., Baker, K., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107136
Death ORACL: an algorithm to predict death using insurance claims data
Young, J. C., Pack, K., Gibson, T. B., Yoon, F. B., DiPrete, B. L., Pate, V., Irwin, D. E., Cooper, T., Bloemers, S., & Dasgupta, N. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae348
The hazard of using the Poisson model to cope with immortal time bias in the case of time-varying hazard
Rea, F., Morabito, G., Corrao, G., & Cantarutti, A. (2024) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02396-y
Actigraphy-derived multidimensional sleep health among breast cancer survivors and controls: Pink SWAN
Price, S. N., Crawford, S. L., Swanson, L. M., Hood, M. M., & Avis, N. E. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-024-01715-y
VOCÊ NÃO AJUDOU O PACIENTE: Um recurso teórico sobre vieses confundidores
Souza, F. L., Souza, N. C., Wainer, A. F. M., Fernandes, J. A. D. R., & Wainer, L. M. (2024) · Psicologia e Saúde em Debate · doi:10.22289/2446-922x.v10a2a46
HIV Viral Rebound on Dolutegravir, Lopinavir, and Efavirenz: National Program Data Analysis From Ukraine
Morozova, O., Conroy, K., Riabokon, S., Germanovich, M., Zelinskyi, Y., Puttkammer, N. H., & Dumchev, K. V. (2025) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003676
Does Concomitant Psychostimulants Mitigate Second-Generation Antipsychotics-Associated Weight Gain? An Observational Study Based on Electronic Medical Records Data
Lyu, N., Rowan, P. J., Varisco, T. J., Abughosh, S., Lin, Y., & Chen, H. (2025) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2024.0135
Reevaluating the safety of shortened antibiotic treatment: a critical evaluation of the EUROBACT-2 study. Authors’ reply
Gajdos, L., Buetti, N., Tabah, A., & Timsit, J. (2025) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-025-07927-9
Evaluating time to treatment intensification among drug naïve type 2 diabetes patients: a comparison of initial combination therapy vs step-therapy approaches
Majd, Z., Cheruvu, S. S., Chen, H., Johnson, M. L., Birtcher, K. K., Serna, O., & Abughosh, S. (2026) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2026.2682989
Long-Term Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients Receiving Maintenance Dialysis
Yau, K., Bota, S. E., McArthur, E., Naylor, K. L., Naik, H., Wing, S. L., Blake, P. G., Hladunewich, M., Levin, A., & Oliver, M. J. (2025) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000000866
Concerns and recommendations: antiplatelet agents and cancer prevention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Pham, H. T., Truong‐Nguyen, K., & Tran, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1607955
Association of COVID-19 with risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality post-infection: A UK Biobank cohort study
Zhang, R., Xiang, Y., Qiu, J., & So, H. (2026) · New Microbes and New Infections · doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2026.101809
Long-Term Effectiveness of Acetylsalicylic Acid in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases and Mortality in Patients at High Risk, a Retrospective Cohort Study—The JOANA Study
Alves‐Cabratosa, L., López, C., García-Gil, M., Tornabell‐Noguera, È., Comas‐Cufí, M., Blanch, J., Martí‐Lluch, R., Ponjoan, A., Domínguez‐Armengol, G., Zacarías‐Pons, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14165710
Choosing an Index Date for Untreated Patients in External Comparator Studies
Antunes, L., Rippin, G., Ralphs, E., Luguzis, A., Arnold, K. F., & Lee, H. (2025) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-025-01613-x
The Effect of Integrative Naturopathic Oncology Including Modulated Electrohyperthermia on Survival Outcome among Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients: A Retrospective Study
Izadi‐Najafabadi, S., McQuarrie, L., & Parmar, G. (2025) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/15347354251378069
Assessing surgical resection in recurrent biliary tract cancer: International two-centre experience
Shibata, Y., Jansson, H., Kobayashi, K., Yu, W., Oba, A., Ghorbani, P., Ono, Y., D'souza, M. A., Sturesson, C., Ito, H., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2025.111159
機械的CPR装置が救急隊の活動内容および傷病者予後にもたらす影響：東京都の人口ベースデータを用いた傾向スコアマッチ分析(Impact of mechanical chest compression devices on prehospital care and outcomes in patients with out–of–hospital cardiac arrest: a propensity score–matched analysis using population–based data)
慶多, 柴., 賢二, 小., & 杉山和宏 (2025) · Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi Journal of Japanese Association for Acute Medicine · doi:10.1002/jja2.13054
Additional file 1 of Analytical challenges in estimating the effect of exposures that are bounded by follow-up time: experiences from the Blood Stream Infection—Focus on Outcomes study
Evans, R., Pike, K., MacGowan, A., & Rogers, C. A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16714280

Authors: Zhou, Z., Rahme, E., Abrahamowicz, M., & Pilote, L.
Affiliations: McGill University (CA)
Corresponding author: Zhou, Zheng
ORCID: Zhou, Zheng
Rahme, Elham
Pilote, Louise
Venue: American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2005-09-28
Volume: 162
Issue: 10
Pages: 1016-1023
ISSN: 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
1476-6256
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwi307
OpenAlex: W2161515661
Cited by: 425
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 8.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: survivorship bias, time to treatment, statins, secondary prevention, acute myocardial infarction, elderly patients, reinfarction, time-varying covariates
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Myocardial Infarction, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Drug Prescriptions, Quebec, Retrospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Bias, Survival Analysis, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Secondary Prevention

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Survival Bias Associated with Time-to-Treatment Initiation in Drug Effectiveness Evaluation: A Comparison of Methods

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks