The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Socioeconomic Differences in Cardiometabolic Factors: Social Causation or Health-related Selection? Evidence From the Whitehall II Cohort Study, 1991–2004
Open accessAbstract
In this study, the health-related selection hypothesis (that health predicts social mobility) and the social causation hypothesis (that socioeconomic status influences health) were tested in relation to cardiometabolic factors. The authors screened 8,312 United Kingdom men and women 3 times over 10 years between 1991 and 2004 for waist circumference, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, serum lipids, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6; identified participants with the metabolic syndrome; and measured childhood health retrospectively. Health-related selection was examined in 2 ways: 1) childhood health problems as predictors of adult occupational position and 2) adult cardiometabolic factors as predictors of subsequent promotion at work. Social causation was assessed using adult occupational position as a predictor of subsequent change in cardiometabolic factors. Hospitalization during childhood and lower birth weight were associated with lower occupational position (both P's ≤ 0.002). Cardiometabolic factors in adulthood did not consistently predict promotion. In contrast, lower adult occupational position predicted adverse changes in several cardiometabolic factors (waist circumference, body mass index, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin) and an increased risk of new-onset metabolic syndrome (all P's ≤ 0.008). These findings suggest that health-related selection operates at younger ages and that social causation contributes to socioeconomic differences in cardiometabolic health in midlife.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Persons with lower socioeconomic status are also at an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease [5, 6]”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,772
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign
Karasek, R. A. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392498 · Cited by 12,597
Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study
Marmot, M. G., Stansfeld, S. A., Patel, C., North, F. M., Head, J. A., White, I. R., Brunner, E. J., Feeney, A., Marmot, M. G., & Smith, G. D. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93068-k · Cited by 3,571
Self-citationSocioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries
Mackenbach, J. P., Stirbu, I., Roskam, A.-J. R., Schaap, M. M., Menvielle, G., Leinsalu, M., & Kunst, A. E. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa0707519 · Cited by 3,289
Tudor Hart, J. (1971) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92410-x · Cited by 3,253
Income inequality and population health: A review and explanation of the evidence
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. E. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.036 · Cited by 1,786
The lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance
Case, A., Fertig, A., & Paxson, C. (2005) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2004.09.008 · Cited by 1,738
Lynch, J. W. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7243.1200 · Cited by 1,511
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Black, 1980, Inequalities in Health: Report of a Working Group Chaired by Sir Douglas Black
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–131 of 131
Doses of exposure to night shift work and nutritional status among nursing workers
Ulacia, C. S., Silva‐Costa, A., Rotenberg, L., & Griep, R. H. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho · doi:10.47626/1679-4435-2021-618 · Cited by 6
Lin, C. D., Poretto, A., Scodro, M., Marra, M. P., Iliceto, S., & Tona, F. (2015) · Journal of Integrative Cardiology · doi:10.15761/jic.1000137 · Cited by 5
Enroth, L., Raitanen, J. A., Hervonen, A., Lehtimäki, T. J., Jylhävä, J., Hurme, M., & Jylhä, M. K. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv105 · Cited by 4
A Bayesian approach to Mendelian randomisation with dependent instruments
Shapland, C. Y., Thompson, J. R., & Sheehan, N. A. (2018) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8029 · Cited by 4
González, R. A., Kallis, C., Ullrich, S., Zhang, T., & Coid, J. W. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.012 · Cited by 3
Metabolisches Syndrom und Prostatakarzinom
Mitglieder des Arbeitskreises Prävention, U. U. K. (. D. A. D. D. U., Schmitz‐Dräger, B. J., Lümmen, G., Bismarck, E., & Fischer, C. G. (2013) · Der Urologe · doi:10.1007/s00120-013-3135-3 · Cited by 2
Fernández‐Rhodes, L., Ward, J. B., Martin, C. L., Hazzouri, A. Z. A., Torres, J. M., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Haan, M. N., & Aiello, A. E. (2021) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.07.006 · Cited by 2
Anderson, L. (2021) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100642 · Cited by 2
Oi, K. (2020) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027520941161 · Cited by 2
Salmela, J., Joki, A., Koivumäki, T., Katainen, A., & Lallukka, T. M. (2024) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-23-00238 · Cited by 1
Are the Rich More Likely to Have Diseases of Affluence?
Fukuda, Y. (2012) · Iryo To Shakai · doi:10.4091/iken.22.31 · Cited by 1
Socioeconomic Aspects of Cardiovascular Health
Myers, V., & Gerber, Y. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1334-9_9 · Cited by 1
Ruktanonchai, N. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr514 · Cited by 1
The effect of the psychosocial working environment on cognition and dementia
Becker, T. M. (2014) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-102025 · Cited by 1
Cardiovascular disease risk and dietary fibre intake in theUnited Kingdom Women’s Cohort Study
Threapleton, D. E. (2014) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Milton, P., Persson, M., & Nilsson, P. M. (2012) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Chronic condition self management support: evaluation of an online learning package
Harmer, R. (2013) · eSpace (Curtin University)
Understanding the Relationship of Pregnancy Weight and Weight Change with Infant and Child Health
Leonard, S. A. (2017) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Overcoming the Skepticism to Reach Gender Equity and Appropriateness in Pharmacological Response
Franconi, F. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811850-4.00010-7
Making the Grade: The Impact of Childhood Asthma on High School Completion
Eagle, M. D. (2015) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3s17t168
O’Neill, E. A. (2018) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
Chentouf, A., Oubaiche, M. L., Dahdouh, A., Salzmann, A., Guipponi, M., Antonarakis, S., & Chaouch, M. (2017) · Journal de la faculté de médecine d Oran · doi:10.51782/jfmo.v1i1.51
Déterminants sociaux de la santé cardiovasculaire chez les femmes oranaises (Etude ISOR)
Houti, L., Hamani-Medjaoui, I., Ouhaïbi-Djellouli, H., Lardjam-Hetraf, S.-A., & Benchekor, S. M. (2017) · Journal de la faculté de médecine d Oran · doi:10.51782/jfmo.v1i1.35
Henst, R. H. P. (2020) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)
Elovainio, M. J., Ferrie, J. E., Singh‐Manoux, A., Shipley, M. J., Batty, G. D., Head, J. A., Hamer, M., Jokela, M. M., Virtanen, M., Brunner, E. J., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr517
Self-citationde Kloet, E. R., Molendijk, M. L., & Meijer, O. C. (2020) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.738437812.793581265
Meena Kumari, B., Booker, C. L., & Chandola, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6625-3_23-1
Finkel, D., Finch, B. K., Gatz, M., Karlsson, I., Reynolds, C. A., Mosing, M. A., Nimmagadda, S., & Ericsson, M. (2026) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-026-10256-2
Nguyen, C. M., Zurashvili, S., Ghanem, A. S., Ambrocio, R. P. P. M., Móré, M., & Nagy, A. C. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25689-3
Non-pharmacological determinants of hypertension at the population level
Cherfane, M. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a90d98b2z5d9cz4864zbed0z654f8e0171bb
Metadata
- Authors
- Elovainio, M., Ferrie, J. E., Singh-Manoux, A., Shipley, M., Batty, G. D., Head, J., Hamer, M., Jokela, M., Virtanen, M., Brunner, E., Marmot, M. G., & Kivimäki, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Elovainio, Marko
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-08-03
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 779-789
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC3176829
- OpenAlex
- W2157479690
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- Wellcome Trust
- British Heart Foundation (HL036310, RG/07/008/23674, AG034454)
- Bupa Foundation
- Stroke Association (HL036310, RG/07/008/23674)
- University College London
- European Commission
- European Science Foundation
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U1018)
- Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos
- Medical Research Council (HL036310, G0902037, RG/07/008/23674)
- National Institute on Aging (5R01 AG13196, R01AG034454, R01AG013196)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (RG/07/008/23674, HL036310, 5RO1 HL036310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- social causation, socioeconomic status, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome, occupational position, child health, hospitalization, birth weight, waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, social mobility, Whitehall II cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Employment, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Lipoproteins, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Causality, Logistic Models, Metabolic Syndrome, Health Status Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
