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Estimating the number of unseen species: How many words did Shakespeare know?

EFRON, BRADLEY, THISTED, RONALD·1976·Biometrika

Abstract

Shakespeare wrote 31534 different words, of which 14376 appear only once, 4343 twice, etc. The question considered is how many words he knew but did not use. A parametric empirical Bayes model due to Fisher and a nonparametric model due to Good & Toulmin are examined. The latter theory is augmented using linear programming methods. We conclude that the models are equivalent to supposing that Shakespeare knew at least 35000 more words.

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Metadata

Authors
EFRON, B., & THISTED, R.
Venue
Biometrika
Published
1976
Volume
63
Issue
3
Pages
435-447
ISSN
  • 0006-3444 (ISSN-L)
  • 1464-3510
OpenAlex
W2045740840
Cited by
439
References
1
FWCI
0.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Estimating the number of unseen species: How many words did Shakespeare know? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/biomet/63.3.435
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EFRON, B., & THISTED, R. (1976). Estimating the number of unseen species: How many words did Shakespeare know? Biometrika. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/63.3.435

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