CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies

Neural correlates of fatigue after traumatic brain injury

Open access
Anliker, Annina E, Chauvigné, Léa A S, Allaman, Leslie, Guggisberg, Adrian G·2025·Brain Communications
DOI 10.1093/braincomms/fcaf082PMC PMC11891517
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Fatigue is the main cause of disability after traumatic brain injury and has negative impact on social, physical and cognitive functions, participation in daily activities, and ability to work. Since the neural underpinnings are largely unknown, few causal treatments are currently available. This study therefore aimed to investigate the neural correlates of subjective fatigue after traumatic brain injury, controlling for differences in cognitive performance, motor performance and subjective psychological covariates such as depression, anxiety and apathy. Seventeen chronic traumatic brain injury patients (10 with and seven without fatigue) and 11 age, sex, and education-matched healthy controls participated in the study. The dependent variable, overall fatigue, was quantified as the sum of the subscales of the multivariate fatigue inventory. Subjective psychological covariates were extracted from appropriate questionnaires. Brain activation during a two-back task and functional connectivity at rest were reconstructed from high-density EEG. Cortical excitability was quantified from motor evoked potentials induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex. Cognitive performance was assessed with a two-back task as well as with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Motor performance was quantified with Jamar dynamometer. Beside the between-group differences in most fatigue subscales resulting from the group attribution, participants also differed in subjective memory functions, depression, anxiety and apathy. Conversely, objective neuropsychological performance was similar across groups in most domains, except for alertness and divided attention (P ≤ 0.039). At the neural level, we observed no difference in corticospinal excitability, but a significant disruption of global resting-state alpha-band functional connectivity between cortical midline structures and the rest of the brain in patients with fatigue (P = 0.006). Furthermore, individuals with fatigue exhibited reduced signs of overall brain activation compared with healthy controls throughout the cognitive task (P = 0.032) without time-on-task effect. In a multivariate regression model, resting-state functional connectivity (P = 0.013) and subjective psychological questionnaire scores (P < 0.0001) were independent predictors of fatigue. In conclusion, our results suggest that disrupted network interactions are the primary independent neural predictor of fatigue. This may serve as a new target for therapy.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/braincomms/fcaf082

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Alterations in DMN connectivity are commonly observed post-mTBI and linked to cognitive complaints.

    “Default Mode Network (DMN): Implicated in self-referential thought and introspection, alterations in DMN connectivity (often increased intra-network connectivity or altered connectivity with other networks) are commonly observed post-mTBI and linked to cognitive complaints 89 10 11 .”

    From Functional MRI Guided Accelerated Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation for Chronic Post-Concussive Syndrome: A Feasibility and Efficacy Study (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports altered connectivity involving cortical midline regions that are part of the DMN and suggests these alterations may relate to complex cognitive disturbances. It does not establish that DMN connectivity changes are common after mild TBI or that they are linked specifically to cognitive complaints; its observed connectivity abnormality was confined to TBI patients with fatigue. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Persistent post-concussive symptoms are associated with disruptions in large-scale functional brain networks.

    “The rationale for applying TMS, and specifically iTBS, to PCS stems from converging evidence suggesting that persistent post-concussive symptoms are associated with disruptions in largescale functional brain networks.”

    From Functional MRI Guided Accelerated Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation for Chronic Post-Concussive Syndrome: A Feasibility and Efficacy Study (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Discussion reports that disrupted global resting-state alpha-band functional connectivity predicts fatigue after TBI. However, the study examines fatigue in chronic TBI patients, not persistent post-concussive symptoms as a whole; the Participants section does not identify a concussion-specific cohort. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Reduced activity or connectivity within the CCN/CEN or between the CCN/CEN and other networks is associated with cognitive deficits in PCS.

    “Cognitive Control Network (CCN) / Central Executive Network (CEN): Involved in goaldirected attention, working memory, and executive functions, reduced activity or connectivity within the CCN/CEN or between the CCN/CEN and other networks is often associated with cognitive deficits in PCS 9”

    From Functional MRI Guided Accelerated Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation for Chronic Post-Concussive Syndrome: A Feasibility and Efficacy Study (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) reports reduced functional connectivity after moderate-to-severe TBI, and the Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that network alterations may be linked to cognitive disturbances. Neither passage identifies the CCN/CEN or establishes that reduced connectivity in or between those networks is associated with cognitive deficits in PCS. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Accelerated iTBS TMS applied to the correct location could have a normalizing effect on compensatory brain network inefficiencies typically seen in PCS patients.

    “suggests that accelerated iTBS TMS applied to the correct location could have a normalizing ePect on compensatory brain network inePiciencies typically seen in PCS patients 9”

    From Functional MRI Guided Accelerated Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation for Chronic Post-Concussive Syndrome: A Feasibility and Efficacy Study (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Discussion (page not available) reports compensatory changes in brain connectivity after TBI and proposes non-invasive neuromodulation as a possible way to influence network interactions. It does not specifically assess accelerated iTBS, identify a treatment location, or establish a normalizing effect in PCS patients. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 79

  1. [1]Chaudhuri A, Behan PO. Fatigue in neurological disorders. Lancet. 2004; 363(9413): 978– 988. 15043967
  2. [2]Belmont A, Agar N, Hugeron C, Gallais B, Azouvi P. Fatigue and traumatic brain injury. Ann Réadapt Méd Phys. 2006; 49(6): 370– 374. 16716438
  3. [3]Palm S, Rönnbäck L, Johansson B. Long-term mental fatigue after traumatic brain injury and impact on employment status. J Rehabil Med. 2017; 49(3): 228– 233. 28150857
  4. [4]Mollayeva T, Kendzerska T, Mollayeva S, Shapiro CM, Colantonio A, Cassidy JD. A systematic review of fatigue in patients with traumatic brain injury: The course, predictors and consequences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014; 47: 684– 716. 25451201
  5. [5]Ziino C, Ponsford J. Selective attention deficits and subjective fatigue following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology. 2006; 20: 383– 390. 16719631
  6. [6]Cantor JB, Ashman T, Gordon W, et al Fatigue after traumatic brain injury and its impact on participation and quality of life. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008; 23(1): 41. 18219234
  7. [7]Schönberger M, Herrberg M, Ponsford J. Fatigue as a cause, not a consequence of depression and daytime sleepiness: A cross-lagged analysis. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014; 29(5): 427. 23867997
  8. [8]Johansson B, Rönnbäck L. Mental fatigue and cognitive impairment after an almost neurological recovered stroke. ISRN Psychiatry. 2012; 2012: 1– 7. PMC3658493 23738208
  9. [9]Ponsford J, Schönberger M, Rajaratnam SMW. A model of fatigue following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2015; 30(4): 277. 24721811
  10. [10]Wu S, Barugh A, Macleod M, Mead G. Psychological associations of poststroke fatigue: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2014; 45(6): 1778– 1783. 24781083 PMC4928705
  11. [11]Dillon A, Casey J, Gaskell H, Drummond A, Demeyere N, Dawes H. Is there evidence for a relationship between cognitive impairment and fatigue after acquired brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil. 2023; 45(26): 4359– 4372. 36495110
  12. [12]Azouvi P, Couillet J, Leclercq M, Martin Y, Asloun S, Rousseaux M. Divided attention and mental effort after severe traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(9): 1260– 1268. 15178177
  13. [13]Kutlubaev MA, Duncan FH, Mead GE. Biological correlates of post-stroke fatigue: A systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012; 125(4): 219– 227. 22070461
  14. [14]Radman N, Staub F, Aboulafia-Brakha T, Berney A, Bogousslavsky J, Annoni JM. Poststroke fatigue following minor infarcts. Neurology. 2012; 79(14): 1422– 1427. 22955128
  15. [15]Pardini M, Krueger F, Raymont V, Grafman J. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex modulates fatigue after penetrating traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2010; 74(9): 749– 754. 20194914 PMC2836872
  16. [16]Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH. Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2013; 246: 35– 43. 22285252 PMC3979341
  17. [17]Aertsen AM, Gerstein GL, Habib MK, Palm G. Dynamics of neuronal firing correlation: Modulation of “effective connectivity”. J Neurophysiol. 1989; 61(5): 900– 917. 2723733
  18. [18]Friston KJ, Frith CD, Liddle PF, Frackowiak RSJ. Functional connectivity: The principal-component analysis of large (PET) data sets. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1993; 13(1): 5– 14. 8417010
  19. [19]Konstantinou N, Pettemeridou E, Stamatakis EA, Seimenis I, Constantinidou F. Altered resting functional connectivity is related to cognitive outcome in males with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2019; 9: 1163. 30687219 PMC6335280
  20. [20]Ondobaka S, De Doncker W, Ward N, Kuppuswamy A. Neural effective connectivity explains subjective fatigue in stroke. Brain. 2022; 145(1): 285– 294. 34791073 PMC8967104
  21. [21]Tarapore PE, Findlay AM, LaHue SC, et al Resting state magnetoencephalography functional connectivity in traumatic brain injury: Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2013; 118(6): 1306– 1316. 23600939 PMC4071964
  22. [22]Klimesch W. EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis. Brain Res Rev. 1999; 29(2): 169– 195. 10209231
  23. [23]Kuppuswamy A, Clark EV, Turner IF, Rothwell JC, Ward NS. Post-stroke fatigue: A deficit in corticomotor excitability? Brain. 2015; 138(1): 136– 148. 25367024 PMC4441078
  24. [24]Logan DM, Hill KR, Larson MJ. Cognitive control of conscious error awareness: Error awareness and error positivity (Pe) amplitude in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Front Hum Neurosci. 2015; 9: 397. 26217212 PMC4493384
  25. [25]Scheibel RS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of cognitive control following traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2017; 8: 352. 28824524 PMC5543081
  26. [26]Scheibel RS, Newsome MR, Steinberg JL, et al Altered brain activation during cognitive control in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007; 21(1): 36– 45. 17172552
  27. [27]Persson J, Larsson A, Reuter-Lorenz PA. Imaging fatigue of interference control reveals the neural basis of executive resource depletion. J Cogn Neurosci. 2013; 25(3): 338– 351. 23163416
  28. [28]Ramage AE, Tate DF, New AB, Lewis JD, Robin DA. Effort and fatigue-related functional connectivity in mild traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2019; 9: 1165. 30713519 PMC6345685
  29. [29]Andersen G, Christensen D, Krikevold M, Johnsen SP. Post-stroke fatigue and return to work: A 2-year follow-up. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012; 125: 248– 253. 21692753
  30. [30]Manoli R, Chartaux-Danjou L, Delecroix H, Daveluy W, Moroni C. Is multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI-20) adequate to measure brain injury related fatigue? Disabil Health J. 2020; 13(3): 100913. 32273197
  31. [31]Mollayeva T, Kendzerska T, Colantonio A. Self-report instruments for assessing sleep dysfunction in an adult traumatic brain injury population: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2013; 17(6): 411– 423. 23706309
  32. [33]M’Barek L, Radakovic R, Noquet M, Laurent A, Allain P. Different aspects of emotional processes in apathy: Application of the French translated dimensional apathy scale. Curr Psychol. 2020; 39(2): 564– 570.
  33. [34]Dahm J, Wong D, Ponsford J. Validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in assessing depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury. J Affect Disord. 2013; 151(1): 392– 396. 23830002
  34. [35]Lane-Brown AT, Tate RL. Measuring apathy after traumatic brain injury: Psychometric properties of the Apathy Evaluation Scale and the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale. Brain Inj. 2009; 23(13–14): 999– 1007. 19891539
  35. [37]Ryan RM. Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1982; 43(3): 450.
  36. [38]Balzer Ch, Berger JM, Caprez G, Gonser A, Gutbrod K, Keller M. Materialien und Normwerte für die Neuropsychologische Diagnostik (MNND). Z Neuropsychol. 2012; 23(1): 55– 58.
  37. [39]Roussel M, Martinaud O, Hénon H, et al The behavioral and cognitive executive disorders of stroke: The GREFEX study. PLoS One. 2016; 11(1): e0147602. 26824746 PMC4732595
  38. [40]Goebel S, Fischer R, Ferstl R, Mehdorn HM. Normative data and psychometric properties for qualitative and quantitative scoring criteria of the Five-Point Test. Clin Neuropsychol. 2009; 23(4): 675– 690. 18923969
  39. [41]Bate AJ, Mathias JL, Crawford JR. Performance on the test of everyday attention and standard tests of attention following severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Neuropsychol. 2001; 15(3): 405– 422. 11778779
  40. [43]Troyer AK, Leach L, Strauss E. Aging and response inhibition: Normative data for the Victoria Stroop Test. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2006; 13(1): 20– 35. 16766341
  41. [44]De Monte VE, Geffen GM, May CR, McFarland K. Improved sensitivity of the rapid screen of mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010; 32(1): 28– 37. 19418329
  42. [45]Zimmermann P, Fimm B. A test battery for attentional performance. In: Applied neuropsychology of attention. London: Psychology Press; 2002: 110– 151.
  43. [47]Erdodi LA, Taylor B, Sabelli AG, Malleck M, Kirsch NL, Abeare CA. Demographically adjusted validity cutoffs on the finger tapping test are superior to raw score cutoffs in adults with TBI. Psychol Inj Law. 2019; 12(2): 113– 126.
  44. [48]Dunning DL, Westgate B, Adlam ALR. A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in survivors of moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology. 2016; 30(7): 811– 819. 27182710
  45. [49]Stierwalt JAG, Murray LL. Attention impairment following traumatic brain injury. Semin Speech Lang. 2002; 23(2): 129– 138. 11951173
  46. [50]Hyvarinen A. Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis. IEEE Trans Neural Netw. 1999; 10(3): 626– 634. 18252563
  47. [51]Dalal SS, Zumer JM, Guggisberg AG, et al MEG/EEG source reconstruction, statistical evaluation, and visualization with NUTMEG. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2011; 2011: e758973. PMC3061455 21437174
  48. [52]Guggisberg AG, Dalal SS, Zumer JM, et al Localization of cortico-peripheral coherence with electroencephalography. NeuroImage. 2011; 57(4): 1348– 1357. 21672634
  49. [53]Stenroos M, Mäntynen V, Nenonen J. A MATLAB library for solving quasi-static volume conduction problems using the boundary element method. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2007; 88(3): 256– 263. 18022274
  50. [54]Sekihara K, Nagarajan SS, Poeppel D, Marantz A. Asymptotic SNR of scalar and vector minimum-variance beamformers for neuromagnetic source reconstruction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2004; 51(10): 1726– 1734. 15490820 PMC4041989
  51. [55]Guggisberg AG, Rizk S, Ptak R, et al Two intrinsic coupling types for resting-state integration in the human brain. Brain Topogr. 2015; 28(2): 318– 329. 25182143
  52. [56]Nolte G, Bai O, Wheaton L, Mari Z, Vorbach S, Hallett M. Identifying true brain interaction from EEG data using the imaginary part of coherency. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004; 115(10): 2292– 2307. 15351371
  53. [57]Sekihara K, Owen JP, Trisno S, Nagarajan SS. Removal of spurious coherence in MEG source-space coherence analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011; 58(11): 3121– 3129. 21824842 PMC4096348
  54. [58]Mottaz A, Corbet T, Doganci N, et al Modulating functional connectivity after stroke with neurofeedback: Effect on motor deficits in a controlled cross-over study. NeuroImage Clin. 2018; 20: 336– 346. 30112275 PMC6091229
  55. [59]Newman MEJ. Analysis of weighted networks. Phys Rev E. 2004; 70(5): 056131. 15600716
  56. [60]Stam CJ, van Straaten ECW. The organization of physiological brain networks. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012; 123(6): 1067– 1087. 22356937
  57. [61]Dubovik S, Pignat JM, Ptak R, et al The behavioral significance of coherent resting-state oscillations after stroke. NeuroImage. 2012; 61(1): 249– 257. 22440653
  58. [62]Dubovik S, Bouzerda-Wahlen A, Nahum L, Gold G, Schnider A, Guggisberg AG. Adaptive reorganization of cortical networks in Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol. 2013; 124(1): 35– 43. 22781497
  59. [63]Chapeton JI, Haque R, Wittig JH, Inati SK, Zaghloul KA. Large-scale communication in the human brain is rhythmically modulated through alpha coherence. Curr Biol. 2019; 29(17): 2801– 2811.e5. 31422882 PMC6736747
  60. [64]Pfurtscheller G, da Silva FH L. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999; 110(11): 1842– 1857. 10576479
  61. [65]Singh KD, Barnes GR, Hillebrand A. Group imaging of task-related changes in cortical synchronisation using nonparametric permutation testing. NeuroImage. 2003; 19(4): 1589– 1601. 12948714
  62. [66]Auzias G, Coulon O, Brovelli A. MarsAtlas: A cortical parcellation atlas for functional mapping. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016; 37(4): 1573– 1592. 26813563 PMC6867384
  63. [68]Shan ZY, Finegan K, Bhuta S, et al Decreased connectivity and increased blood oxygenation level dependent complexity in the default mode network in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Connect. 2018; 8(1): 33– 39. 29152994
  64. [69]Cavanna AE, Trimble MR. The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain. 2006; 129(3): 564– 583. 16399806
  65. [70]Vergani F, Lacerda L, Martino J, et al White matter connections of the supplementary motor area in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85(12): 1377– 1385. 24741063
  66. [71]Northoff G, Richter A, Gessner M, et al Functional dissociation between medial and lateral prefrontal cortical spatiotemporal activation in negative and positive emotions: A combined fMRI/MEG study. Cereb Cortex. 2000; 10(1): 93– 107. 10639399
  67. [72]Hinds O, Thompson TW, Ghosh S, et al Roles of default-mode network and supplementary motor area in human vigilance performance: Evidence from real-time fMRI. J Neurophysiol. 2013; 109(5): 1250– 1258. 23236006
  68. [73]Green REA, Colella BM, Maller JJ, Bayley M, Glazer JM, Mikulis DR. Scale and pattern of atrophy in the chronic stages of moderate-severe TBI. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014; 8: 67. 24744712 PMC3978360
  69. [74]Johnson VE, Stewart JE, Begbie FD, Trojanowski JQ, Smith DH, Stewart W. Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2013; 136(1): 28– 42. 23365092 PMC3562078
  70. [75]Xia G, Hu Z, Zhou F, et al Functional connectivity density with frequency-dependent changes in patients with diffuse axonal injury: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020; 16: 2733– 2742. 33209028 PMC7669505
  71. [77]Gillis MM, Hampstead BM. A two-part preliminary investigation of encoding-related activation changes after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: Hyperactivation, repetition suppression, and the role of the prefrontal cortex. Brain Imaging Behav. 2015; 9(4): 801– 820. 25481386
  72. [78]Arnau S, Brümmer T, Liegel N, Wascher E. Inverse effects of time-on-task in task-related and task-unrelated theta activity. Psychophysiology. 2021; 58(6): e13805. 33682172
  73. [79]Emmerling F, Martijn C, Alberts HJEM, et al The (non-)replicability of regulatory resource depletion: A field report employing non-invasive brain stimulation. PLoS One. 2017; 12(3): e0174331. 28362843 PMC5376079
  74. [80]Olsen A, Brunner JF, Indredavik Evensen KA, et al Altered cognitive control activations after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury and their relationship to injury severity and everyday-life function. Cereb Cortex. 2015; 25(8): 2170– 2180. 24557637 PMC4494028
  75. [81]Jonasson A, Levin C, Renfors M, Strandberg S, Johansson B. Mental fatigue and impaired cognitive function after an acquired brain injury. Brain Behav. 2018; 8(8): e01056. 29956894 PMC6085903
  76. [82]Buhagiar F, Fitzgerald M, Bell J, Allanson F, Pestell C. Neuromodulation for mild traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020; 14: 598208. 33362494 PMC7759622
  77. [83]Porcaro C, Cottone C, Cancelli A, Rossini PM, Zito G, Tecchio F. Cortical neurodynamics changes mediate the efficacy of a personalized neuromodulation against multiple sclerosis fatigue. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 18213. 31796805 PMC6890667
  78. [84]Beynel L, Powers JP, Appelbaum LG. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on resting-state connectivity: A systematic review. NeuroImage. 2020; 211: 116596. 32014552 PMC7571509
  79. [85]Nicolo P, Magnin C, Pedrazzini E, et al Comparison of neuroplastic responses to cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation and continuous theta burst stimulation in subacute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018; 99(5): 862– 872.e1. 29223708

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Anliker, A. E., Chauvigné, L. A. S., Allaman, L., & Guggisberg, A. G.
Affiliations
  • Bern University of Applied Sciences (CH)
  • University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
  • University of Bern (CH)
Corresponding author
Guggisberg, Adrian G
ORCID
Venue
Brain Communications
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2025
Volume
7
Issue
2
Pages
fcaf082-fcaf082
ISSN
2632-1297 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/braincomms/fcaf082
PMC
PMC11891517
OpenAlex
W4408142030
Cited by
1
References
4
Citations by year
2025: 1
FWCI
0.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Keywords
fatigue, traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic brain injury, neural correlates, resting-state functional connectivity, alpha-band connectivity, corticospinal excitability, motor evoked potentials, primary motor cortex, two-back task, cognitive performance, motor performance, depression, anxiety, apathy, divided attention, alertness

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review