Cited by 1,016Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

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Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Response Conflict: Effects of Frequency, Inhibition and Errors

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Braver, T. S.·2001·Cerebral Cortex

DOI 10.1093/cercor/11.9.825

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Abstract

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may play a key role in cognitive control by monitoring for the occurrence of response conflict (i.e. simultaneous activation of incompatible response tendencies). Low-frequency responding might provide a minimal condition for eliciting such conflict, as a result of the need to overcome a prepotent response tendency. We predicted that ACC would be selectively engaged during low-frequency responding, irrespective of the specific task situation. To test this hypothesis, we examined ACC activity during the performance of simple choice-discrimination tasks, using rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects were scanned while performing three tasks thought to tap different cognitive processes: 'Go/No-go' (response inhibition), 'oddball' (target detection), and two-alternative forced- choice (response selection). Separate conditions manipulated the frequency of relevant task events. Consistent with our hypothesis, the same ACC region was equally responsive to low-frequency events across all three tasks, but did not show differential responding when events occurred with equal frequency. Subregions of the ACC were also identified that showed heightened activity during the response inhibition condition, and on trials in which errors were committed. Task-sensitive activity was also found in right prefrontal and parietal cortex (response inhibition), left superior temporal and tempoparietal cortex (target detection), and supplementary motor area (response selection). Taken together, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ACC serves as a generic detector of processing conflict arising when low-frequency responses must be executed, but also leave open the possibility that further functional specialization may occur within ACC subregions.

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Authors: Braver, T. S.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Braver, T. S.
ORCID: Braver, T. S.
Venue: Cerebral Cortex
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2001-09-01
Volume: 11
Issue: 9
Pages: 825-836
ISSN: 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
1460-2199
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/11.9.825
OpenAlex: W2134181926
Cited by: 1,016
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 18.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: anterior cingulate cortex, response conflict, cognitive control, response inhibition, prepotent response, error detection, event frequency, go/no-go task, oddball paradigm, response selection, supplementary motor area
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Conflict, Psychological, Discrimination, Psychological, Evoked Potentials, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results

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Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Response Conflict: Effects of Frequency, Inhibition and Errors

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