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Cited by 565

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Death in a Population Cohort Study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa

Open access
Western Cape Department of Health in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa, Boulle, Andrew, Davies, Mary-Ann, Hussey, Hannah, Ismail, Muzzammil, Morden, Erna, Vundle, Ziyanda, Zweigenthal, Virginia, Mahomed, Hassan, Paleker, Masudah, Pienaar, David, Tembo, Yamanya, Lawrence, Charlene, Isaacs, Washiefa, Mathema, Hlengani, Allen, Derick, Allie, Taryn, Bam, Jamy-Lee, Buddiga, Kasturi, Dane, Pierre, Heekes, Alexa, Matlapeng, Boitumelo, Mutemaringa, Themba, Muzarabani, Luckmore, Phelanyane, Florence, Pienaar, Rory, Rode, Catherine, Smith, Mariette, Tiffin, Nicki, Zinyakatira, Nesbert, Cragg, Carol, Marais, Frederick, Mudaly, Vanessa, Voget, Jacqueline, Davids, Jody, Roodt, Francois, van Zyl Smit, Nellis, Vermeulen, Alda, Adams, Kevin, Audley, Gordon, Bateman, Kathleen, Beckwith, Peter, Bernon, Marc, Blom, Dirk, Boloko, Linda, Botha, Jean, Boutall, Adam, Burmeister, Sean, Cairncross, Lydia, Calligaro, Gregory, Coccia, Cecilia, Corin, Chadwin, Daroowala, Remy, Dave, Joel A, De Bruyn, Elsa, De Villiers, Martin, Deetlefs, Mimi, Dlamini, Sipho, Du Toit, Thomas, Endres, Wilhelm, Europa, Tarin, Fieggan, Graham, Figaji, Anthony, Frankenfeld, Petro, Gatley, Elizabeth, Gina, Phindile, Govender, Evashan, Grobler, Rochelle, Gule, Manqoba Vusumuzi, Hanekom, Christoff, Held, Michael, Heynes, Alana, Hlatswayo, Sabelo, Hodkinson, Bridget, Holtzhausen, Jeanette, Hoosain, Shakeel, Jacobs, Ashely, Kahn, Miriam, Kahn, Thania, Khamajeet, Arvin, Khan, Joubin, Khan, Riaasat, Khwitshana, Alicia, Knight, Lauren, Kooverjee, Sharita, Krogscheepers, Rene, Kruger, Jean Jacque, Kuhn, Suzanne, Laubscher, Kim, Lazarus, John, Le Roux, Jacque, Lee Jones, Scott, Levin, Dion, Maartens, Gary, Majola, Thina, Manganyi, Rodgers, Marais, David, Marais, Suzaan, Maritz, Francois, Maughan, Deborah, Mazondwa, Simthandile, Mbanga, Luyanda, Mbatani, Nomonde, Mbena, Bulewa, Meintjes, Graeme, Mendelson, Marc, Möller, Ernst, Moore, Allison, Ndebele, Babalwa, Nortje, Marc, Ntusi, Ntobeko, Nyengane, Funeka, Ofoegbu, Chima, Papavarnavas, Nectarios, Peter, Jonny, Pickard, Henri, Pluke, Kent, Raubenheimer, Peter J, Robertson, Gordon, Rozmiarek, Julius, Sayed, A, Scriba, Matthias, Sekhukhune, Hennie, Singh, Prasun, Smith, Elsabe, Soldati, Vuyolwethu, Stek, Cari, van den berg, Robert, van der Merwe, Le Roux, Venter, Pieter, Vermooten, Barbra, Viljoen, Gerrit, Viranna, Santhuri, Vogel, Jonno, Vundla, Nokubonga, Wasserman, Sean, Zitha, Eddy, Lomas-Marais, Vanessa, Lombard, Annie, Stuve, Katrin, Viljoen, Werner, Basson, De Vries, Le Roux, Sue, Linden-Mars, Ethel, Victor, Lizanne, Wates, Mark, Zwanepoel, Elbe, Ebrahim, Nabilah, Lahri, Sa’ad, Mnguni, Ayanda, Crede, Thomas, de Man, Martin, Evans, Katya, Hendrikse, Clint, Naude, Jonathan, Parak, Moosa, Szymanski, Patrick, Van Koningsbruggen, Candice, Abrahams, Riezaah, Allwood, Brian, Botha, Christoffel, Botha, Matthys Henndrik, Broadhurst, Alistair, Claasen, Dirkie, Daniel, Che, Dawood, Riyaadh, du Preez, Marie, Du Toit, Nicolene, Erasmus, Kobie, Koegelenberg, Coenraad F N, Gabriel, Shiraaz, Hugo, Susan, Jardine, Thabiet, Johannes, Clint, Karamchand, Sumanth, Lalla, Usha, Langenegger, Eduard, Louw, Eize, Mashigo, Boitumelo, Mhlana, Nonte, Mnqwazi, Chizama, Moodley, Ashley, Moodley, Desiree, Moolla, Saadiq, Mowlana, Abdurasiet, Nortje, Andre, Olivier, Elzanne, Parker, Arifa, Paulsen, Chané, Prozesky, Hans, Rood, Jacques, Sabela, Tholakele, Schrueder, Neshaad, Sithole, Nokwanda, Sithole, Sthembiso, Taljaard, Jantjie J, Titus, Gideon, Van Der Merwe, Tian, van Schalkwyk, Marije, Vazi, Luthando, Viljoen, Abraham J, Yazied Chothia, Mogamat, Naidoo, Vanessa, Wallis, Lee Alan, Abbass, Mumtaz, Arendse, Juanita, Armien, Rizqa, Bailey, Rochelle, Bello, Muideen, Carelse, Rachel, Forgus, Sheron, Kalawe, Nosi, Kariem, Saadiq, Kotze, Mariska, Lucas, Jonathan, McClaughlin, Juanita, Murie, Kathleen, Najjaar, Leilah, Petersen, Liesel, Porter, James, Shaw, Melanie, Stapar, Dusica, Williams, Michelle, Aldum, Linda, Berkowitz, Natacha, Girran, Raakhee, Lee, Kevin, Naidoo, Lenny, Neumuller, Caroline, Anderson, Kim, Begg, Kerrin, Boerlage, Lisa, Cornell, Morna, de Waal, Renée, Dudley, Lilian, English, René, Euvrard, Jonathan, Groenewald, Pam, Jacob, Nisha, Jaspan, Heather, Kalk, Emma, Levitt, Naomi, Malaba, Thoko, Nyakato, Patience, Patten, Gabriela, Schneider, Helen, Shung King, Maylene, Tsondai, Priscilla, Van Duuren, James, van Schaik, Nienke, Blumberg, Lucille, Cohen, Cheryl, Govender, Nelesh, Jassat, Waasila, Kufa, Tendesayi, McCarthy, Kerrigan, Morris, Lynn, Hsiao, Nei-yuan, Marais, Ruan, Ambler, Jon, Ngwenya, Olina, Osei-Yeboah, Richard, Johnson, Leigh, Kassanjee, Reshma, Tamuhla, Tsaone·2021·Clinical Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1093/cid/ciaa1198
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Abstract

Background: Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in sub-Saharan Africa and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis on COVID-19 outcomes are unknown. Methods: We conducted a population cohort study using linked data from adults attending public-sector health facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, location, and comorbidities, to examine the associations between HIV, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 death from 1 March to 9 June 2020 among (1) public-sector “active patients” (≥1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020); (2) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases; and (3) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for COVID-19, comparing adults living with and without HIV using modeled population estimates. Results: Among 3 460 932 patients (16% living with HIV), 22 308 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 625 died. COVID-19 death was associated with male sex, increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. HIV was associated with COVID-19 mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70–2.70), with similar risks across strata of viral loads and immunosuppression. Current and previous diagnoses of tuberculosis were associated with COVID-19 death (aHR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.81–4.04] and 1.51 [95% CI, 1.18–1.93], respectively). The SMR for COVID-19 death associated with HIV was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.96–2.86); population attributable fraction 8.5% (95% CI, 6.1–11.1). Conclusions: While our findings may overestimate HIV- and tuberculosis-associated COVID-19 mortality risks due to residual confounding, both living with HIV and having current tuberculosis were independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. The associations between age, sex, and other comorbidities and COVID-19 mortality were similar to those in other settings.

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Authors
Western Cape Department of Health in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, S. A., Boulle, A., Davies, M.-A., Hussey, H., Ismail, M., Morden, E., Vundle, Z., Zweigenthal, V., Mahomed, H., Paleker, M., Pienaar, D., Tembo, Y., Lawrence, C., Isaacs, W., Mathema, H., Allen, D., Allie, T., Bam, J.-L., Buddiga, K., Dane, P., Heekes, A., Matlapeng, B., Mutemaringa, T., Muzarabani, L., Phelanyane, F., Pienaar, R., Rode, C., Smith, M., Tiffin, N., Zinyakatira, N., Cragg, C., Marais, F., Mudaly, V., Voget, J., Davids, J., Roodt, F., van Zyl Smit, N., Vermeulen, A., Adams, K., Audley, G., Bateman, K., Beckwith, P., Bernon, M., Blom, D., Boloko, L., Botha, J., Boutall, A., Burmeister, S., Cairncross, L., Calligaro, G., Coccia, C., Corin, C., Daroowala, R., Dave, J. A., De Bruyn, E., De Villiers, M., Deetlefs, M., Dlamini, S., Du Toit, T., Endres, W., Europa, T., Fieggan, G., Figaji, A., Frankenfeld, P., Gatley, E., Gina, P., Govender, E., Grobler, R., Gule, M. V., Hanekom, C., Held, M., Heynes, A., Hlatswayo, S., Hodkinson, B., Holtzhausen, J., Hoosain, S., Jacobs, A., Kahn, M., Kahn, T., Khamajeet, A., Khan, J., Khan, R., Khwitshana, A., Knight, L., Kooverjee, S., Krogscheepers, R., Kruger, J. J., Kuhn, S., Laubscher, K., Lazarus, J., Le Roux, J., Lee Jones, S., Levin, D., Maartens, G., Majola, T., Manganyi, R., Marais, D., Marais, S., Maritz, F., Maughan, D., Mazondwa, S., Mbanga, L., Mbatani, N., Mbena, B., Meintjes, G., Mendelson, M., Möller, E., Moore, A., Ndebele, B., Nortje, M., Ntusi, N., Nyengane, F., Ofoegbu, C., Papavarnavas, N., Peter, J., Pickard, H., Pluke, K., Raubenheimer, P. J., Robertson, G., Rozmiarek, J., Sayed, A., Scriba, M., Sekhukhune, H., Singh, P., Smith, E., Soldati, V., Stek, C., van den berg, R., van der Merwe, L. R., Venter, P., Vermooten, B., Viljoen, G., Viranna, S., Vogel, J., Vundla, N., Wasserman, S., Zitha, E., Lomas-Marais, V., Lombard, A., Stuve, K., Viljoen, W., Basson, D. V., Le Roux, S., Linden-Mars, E., Victor, L., Wates, M., Zwanepoel, E., Ebrahim, N., Lahri, S., Mnguni, A., Crede, T., de Man, M., Evans, K., Hendrikse, C., Naude, J., Parak, M., Szymanski, P., Van Koningsbruggen, C., Abrahams, R., Allwood, B., Botha, C., Botha, M. H., Broadhurst, A., Claasen, D., Daniel, C., Dawood, R., du Preez, M., Du Toit, N., Erasmus, K., Koegelenberg, C. F. N., Gabriel, S., Hugo, S., Jardine, T., Johannes, C., Karamchand, S., Lalla, U., Langenegger, E., Louw, E., Mashigo, B., Mhlana, N., Mnqwazi, C., Moodley, A., Moodley, D., Moolla, S., Mowlana, A., Nortje, A., Olivier, E., Parker, A., Paulsen, C., Prozesky, H., Rood, J., Sabela, T., Schrueder, N., Sithole, N., Sithole, S., Taljaard, J. J., Titus, G., Van Der Merwe, T., van Schalkwyk, M., Vazi, L., Viljoen, A. J., Yazied Chothia, M., Naidoo, V., Wallis, L. A., Abbass, M., Arendse, J., Armien, R., Bailey, R., Bello, M., Carelse, R., Forgus, S., Kalawe, N., Kariem, S., Kotze, M., Lucas, J., McClaughlin, J., Murie, K., Najjaar, L., Petersen, L., Porter, J., Shaw, M., Stapar, D., Williams, M., Aldum, L., Berkowitz, N., Girran, R., Lee, K., Naidoo, L., Neumuller, C., Anderson, K., Begg, K., Boerlage, L., Cornell, M., de Waal, R., Dudley, L., English, R., Euvrard, J., Groenewald, P., Jacob, N., Jaspan, H., Kalk, E., Levitt, N., Malaba, T., Nyakato, P., Patten, G., Schneider, H., Shung King, M., Tsondai, P., Van Duuren, J., van Schaik, N., Blumberg, L., Cohen, C., Govender, N., Jassat, W., Kufa, T., McCarthy, K., Morris, L., Hsiao, N.-Y., Marais, R., Ambler, J., Ngwenya, O., Osei-Yeboah, R., Johnson, L., Kassanjee, R., & Tamuhla, T.
Venue
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2020-08-29
Volume
73
Issue
7
Pages
e2005-e2015
ISSN
  • 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-6591
DOI
10.1093/cid/ciaa1198
OpenAlex
W3080808763
Cited by
565
References
3
FWCI
13.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Death in a Population Cohort Study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/cid/ciaa1198
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Western Cape Department of Health in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, S. A., Boulle, A., Davies, M.-A., Hussey, H., Ismail, M., Morden, E., Vundle, Z., Zweigenthal, V., Mahomed, H., Paleker, M., Pienaar, D., Tembo, Y., Lawrence, C., Isaacs, W., Mathema, H., Allen, D., Allie, T., Bam, J.-L., Buddiga, K., . . . Tamuhla, T. (2021). Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Death in a Population Cohort Study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1198

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