Indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children with congenital and acquired heart disease: An expert consensus paper of the Imaging Working Group of the AEPC and the Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Section of the EACVI
Open accessAbstract
This article provides expert opinion on the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in young patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and in specific clinical situations. As peculiar challenges apply to imaging children, paediatric aspects are repeatedly discussed. The first section of the paper addresses settings and techniques, including the basic sequences used in paediatric CMR, safety, and sedation. In the second section, the indication, application, and clinical relevance of CMR in the most frequent CHD are discussed in detail. In the current era of multimodality imaging, the strengths of CMR are compared with other imaging modalities. At the end of each chapter, a brief summary with expert consensus key points is provided. The recommendations provided are strongly clinically oriented. The paper addresses not only imagers performing CMR, but also clinical cardiologists who want to know which information can be obtained by CMR and how to integrate it in clinical decision-making.
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Subsequent CMR studies in TOF are usually performed if new clinical symptoms arise or every 3-5 years, depending on previous clinical findings.
“Subsequent CMR studies are usually performed if new clinical symptoms arise or every 3–5 years, depending on the previous clinical findings [34,36,37].”
From Multimodality imaging assessment of tetralogy of Fallot: From diagnosis to long-term follow-up (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
The Tetralogy of Fallot section (page unavailable) calls CMR the key imaging modality for serial follow-up and says clinical symptoms and findings matter in decisions about pulmonary valve replacement. It does not specify that new symptoms trigger a subsequent CMR study or recommend a 3–5-year interval; searches for those terms found no such guidance. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn paediatric centres with high patient volume, the first CMR is typically conducted around 8-9 years of age, when children can undergo the examination without anaesthesia.
“In paediatric centres with high patient volume, the first CMR is typically conducted around 8–9 years of age, when children can undergo the examination without anaesthesia.”
From Multimodality imaging assessment of tetralogy of Fallot: From diagnosis to long-term follow-up (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
The Sedation and anaesthesia section (page unavailable) says CMR usually requires sedation or general anaesthesia before school age. The Cardiomyopathies section says CMR screening for myocardial iron load can often be postponed until age 8 to avoid anaesthesia. Neither passage establishes that high-volume paediatric centres typically conduct a child's first CMR at 8–9 years of age. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCine CMR images allow for evaluation of wall thickness and regional and global systolic function, as well as calculation of LV and RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and ejection fraction.
“These images allow for the evaluation of wall thickness and regional and global systolic function, as well as the calculation of the LV and RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and the ejection fraction.”
From Multimodality imaging assessment of tetralogy of Fallot: From diagnosis to long-term follow-up (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
CMR is an advanced technique for imaging the cardiovascular system that can assess the structure, function, and blood flow without the use of radiation.
“CMR is an advanced technique for imaging the cardiovascular system that can assess the structure, function, and blood flow without the use of radiation [34].”
From Multimodality imaging assessment of tetralogy of Fallot: From diagnosis to long-term follow-up (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
Phase-contrast flow CMR sequence measures blood flow velocities and can assess the severity of any obstructions or abnormalities in blood flow.
“This sequence measures blood flow velocities and can assess the severity of any obstructions or abnormalities in blood flow.”
From Multimodality imaging assessment of tetralogy of Fallot: From diagnosis to long-term follow-up (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
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References 132 · Cited by 168
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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- Authors
- Valsangiacomo Buechel, E. R., Grosse-Wortmann, L., Fratz, S., Eichhorn, J., Sarikouch, S., Greil, G. F., Beerbaum, P., Bucciarelli-Ducci, C., Bonello, B., Sieverding, L., Schwitter, J., Helbing, W. A., reviewers:, D., EACVI:, Galderisi, M., Miller, O., Sicari, R., Simpson, J., Thaulow, E., Edvardsen, T., AEPC:, Brockmeier, K., Qureshi, S., & Stein, J.
- Affiliations
- University Children's Hospital Zurich 1 Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Children's Research Centre , , Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich ,
- The Hospital for Sick Children 2 The Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Paediatrics , , , Toronto ,
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DE)
- Klinikum Leverkusen (DE)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
- Bristol Heart Institute, NIHR Bristol Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Bristol and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, NIHR Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College 9 Department of Cardiology , , London ,
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen (DE)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-02-17
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-297
- ISSN
- 2047-2404 (ISSN-L)
- 2047-2412
- OpenAlex
- W2006544342
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 10.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (PG/12/5/29350)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Congenital Heart Disease Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiomyopathy and Myosin Studies
- Keywords
- cardiovascular magnetic resonance, congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, imaging indications, sedation, imaging safety, multimodality imaging comparison, clinical decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Europe, Female, Heart Defects, Congenital, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Societies, Medical, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Consensus
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