Conservation of extrusion as an exit mechanism for Chlamydia
Open accessAbstract
Chlamydiae exit via membrane-encased extrusion or through lysis of the host cell. Extrusions are novel, pathogen-containing structures that confer infectious advantages to Chlamydia, and are hypothesized to promote cell-to-cell spread, dissemination to distant tissues and facilitate immune evasion. The extrusion phenomenon has been characterized for several Chlamydia trachomatis serovars, but a thorough investigation of extrusion for additional clinically relevant C. trachomatis strains and Chlamydia species has yet to be performed. The key parameters investigated in this study were: (i) the conservation of extrusion across the Chlamydia genus, (ii) the functional requirement for candidate Chlamydia genes in extrusion formation i.e. IncA and CT228 and (iii) extrusion-mediated uptake, and consequent survival of Chlamydia inside macrophages. Inclusion morphology was characterized by live fluorescence microscopy, using an inverted GFP strategy, at early and mid-stages of infection. Enriched extrusions were used to infect bone marrow-derived macrophages, and bacterial viability was measured following macrophage engulfment. Our results demonstrate that extrusion is highly conserved across chlamydiae, including ocular, STD and LGV biovars and divergent Chlamydia species. Consequently, this exit mechanism for Chlamydia may fulfill common advantages important for pathogenesis.
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After approximately 72 h (in cell culture), the RBs transform into EBs, which are released by cell lysis and can infect new cells.
“After approximately 72 h (in cell culture), the RBs transform into EBs, which are released by cell lysis and can infect new cells (exit via extrusion of membrane-bound compartments can also occur39).”
From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
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Chacko, A., Delbaz, A., Walkden, H., Basu, S., Armitage, C. W., Eindorf, T., Trim, L. K., Miller, E., West, N. P., St John, J. A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zuck, M., Sherrid, A., Suchland, R., Ellis, T., & Hybiske, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zuck, Meghan
- Sherrid, Ashley
- Hybiske, Kevin
- ORCID
- Hybiske, Kevin
- Venue
- Pathogens and Disease
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-09-11
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- ftw093
- ISSN
- 2049-632X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5985487
- OpenAlex
- W2518772581
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Pathogens and Disease (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Institut National Du Cancer
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI095603, R01AI095603, T32AI007140)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- chlamydia, Chlamydia trachomatis, Inca, macrophage survival, inclusion morphology, cell-to-cell transmission, immune evasion
- MeSH terms
- Cell Line, Chlamydia, Chlamydia Infections, Biological Evolution, HeLa Cells, Humans, Macrophages, Cell Surface Extensions, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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