Cited by 110Physical Activity and HealthBalance, Gait, and Falls PreventionContext-Aware Activity Recognition Systems

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Normative Steps/Day Values for Older Adults: NHANES 2005-2006

Tudor-Locke, C., Schuna, J. M., Barreira, T. V., Mire, E. F., Broyles, S. T., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Johnson, W. D.·2013·The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

DOI 10.1093/gerona/glt116

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pedometers are more likely than accelerometers to be used in walking interventions and other applications, including wide spread adoption by lay people. The purpose of this article is to provide older adults' sex-and-age-specific normative values for accelerometer-determined steps/day, adjusted to a pedometer-based scale. METHODS: The data source was accelerometer data collected over multiple valid days (defined as ≥ 10 h/day; mean 5.8 ± SE 0.1 valid days) from 1,196 60+ year olds participating in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Accelerometer data were adjusted to a pedometer scale using an established process of censoring steps counted during those minutes where activity counts totaled <500. Quintile-defined categories of adjusted steps/day (lowest, below average, average, above average, and highest) for six age groups (60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84, and 85+ years) were computed for the entire sample and separately for each sex. LMSChartmakerPro was used to create smoothed percentile curves corresponding to the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles. RESULTS: Men aged 65-69 years defined the highest single category (>9,126 steps/day) and women aged 85+ years of age defined the lowest single category (<276 steps/day). In general, steps/day tended to decrease within each quintile-defined category as age increased. Similar patterns were apparent in the more detailed LMSChartmakerPro percentiles. CONCLUSIONS: These data represent the first presentation of a detailed population distribution of normative accelerometer-determined steps/day adjusted to pedometer scaling, an instrument more likely to be used in clinical and public health applications.

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CDC GROWTH CHARTS FOR THE UNITED STATES: METHODS AND DEVELOPMENT 2000
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How many steps/day are enough? for adults
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Result
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Paes, T., Belo, L., da Silva, D. D., Morita, A. A., Donária, L., Furlanetto, K., Sant'anna, T., Pitta, F., & Hernandes, N. (2017) · Respiratory care · doi:10.4187/respcare.05059 · Cited by 18
Precipitation and Physical Activity in Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Functional Mobility and Physical Activity Intentions
Hoppmann, C. A., Lee, J. C. M., Ziegelmann, J. P., Graf, P., Khan, K., & Ashe, M. C. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv107 · Cited by 19
Normative Peak 30-Min Cadence (Steps per Minute) Values for Older Adults: NHANES 2005–2006
Aguiar, E. J., Schuna, J. M., Barreira, T. V., Mire, E. F., Broyles, S. T., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Johnson, W. D., & Tudor-Locke, C. E. (2019) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2018-0316 · Cited by 20
Self-citation
Joint power, joint work and lower limb muscle activity for transitions between level walking and stair ambulation at three inclinations
Grimmer, M., Zeiss, J., Weigand, F., & Zhao, G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294161 · Cited by 17
“Elderly individuals, which are one target population for assistive wearable robotics, exhibit an average of 4,241 strides per day [40].”
Exploring the Mediating Role of Social Support and Fall Efficacy on the Association Between Falls and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Assisted-Living Population
Schott, N., & Tietjens, M. (2018) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0378 · Cited by 17
Factors associated with change in self-reported physical activity in the very old: The Newcastle 85+ study
Granic, A., Davies, K., Dodds, R. M., Duncan, R. C., Uwimpuhwe, G., Pakpahan, E., Robinson, S. M., & Sayer, A. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218881 · Cited by 17
Physical Activity and the Association With Self-Reported Impairments, Walking Limitations, Fear of Falling, and Incidence of Falls in Persons With Late Effects of Polio
Winberg, C., Brogårdh, C. B., Flansbjer, U., Carlsson, G., Rimmer, J. H., & Lexell, J. E. (2014) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2014-0163 · Cited by 14
“This is higher than the normative values for older adults (above 60 years of age) who have an average number of steps ranging from 2 749 to 4 490 (Tudor-Locke et al., 2013).”
Dietary acid load decreases with age and is associated with sagittal abdominal diameter: a nationally representative quantification study in US adults
Storz, M. A., & Ronco, Á. L. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02508-6 · Cited by 13
“Sociodemographic data and nutrient intake data as well as DAL scores were compared across 3 age categories following an approach by Tudor-Locke et al. [36] Age categories were as follows: (I) age 60–69, (II) age 70–79, and (III) age 80 years or older.”
Method
The importance of physical activity
Langer, D., Demeyer, H., Troosters, T., & Gosselink, R. (2015) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10019914 · Cited by 11
“Normative steps per day values for elderly subjects have recently been published [35].”
Background
The effect of 5 years of team sport on elderly males' health and social capital—An interdisciplinary follow‐up study
Pedersen, M. T., Nørregaard, L. B., Jensen, T. D., Frederiksen, A. S., Ottesen, L., & Bangsbo, J. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.760 · Cited by 13
The Relationship between Lifestyle and Costs Related to Medicine Use in Adults
Fernandes, R., Mantovani, A. M., Codogno, J., Turi-Lynch, B., Pokhrel, S., & Anokye, N. (2019) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.5935/abc.20190049 · Cited by 9
Barriers and Facilitators to the Use of Wearable Robots as Assistive Devices: Qualitative Study With Older Adults and Physiotherapists
Reicherzer, L., Scheermesser, M., Kläy, A., Duarte, J. E., & Graf, E. S. (2024) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/52676 · Cited by 9
“Despite the apparent health benefit of PA [5,6], a large percentage of older adults do not meet PA guidelines in their daily lives [7].”
Background
Increasing Lifestyle Walking by 3000 Steps per Day Reduces Blood Pressure in Sedentary Older Adults with Hypertension: Results from an e-Health Pilot Study
Lefferts, E. C., Saavedra, J. M., Song, B. K., Brellenthin, A. G., Pescatello, L. S., & Lee, D.-C. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd10080317 · Cited by 9
“Walking 10,000 steps/day is a common public health goal but may be unrealistic and difficult to achieve in older adults, who traditionally have lower daily step counts [8–11], averaging 4200 steps/day [12].”
Background
Tracking the disease progression of lumbar spinal stenosis using objective gait metrics: a case report
Fonseka, R. D., Natarajan, P., Maharaj, M. M., & Mobbs, R. J. (2022) · Journal of Spine Surgery · doi:10.21037/jss-21-101 · Cited by 9
“55 m, and approximate daily step count =1,500), suggestive of only mild functional disability (11-13).”
Background
A comparison of two Tai Chi interventions tailored for different health outcomes
Wu, Y., Senk, C., Coll, P. P., Glenney, S. S., Zaborowski, K., Fortinsky, R. H., Taylor, B. A., Park, C. L., Benson, K., McGowan, M., et al. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102731 · Cited by 8
Walking performance in individuals with lumbar spinal stenosis—possible outcome measures and assessment of known-group validity
Gustafsson, M. E. A. K., Schiøttz‐Christensen, B., Petersen, T. L., Jepsen, R., Wedderkopp, N., Brønd, J. C., & O’Neill, S. F. D. (2024) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2024.03.006 · Cited by 7
Does Physical Activity Change After Progressive Resistance Exercise in Functionally Limited Older Adults?
Laussen, J. C., Chalé, A., Hau, C., Fielding, R. A., & White, D. K. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13270 · Cited by 7
Resistin concentration is inversely associated with objectively measured physical activity in healthy older women
Rava, A., Pihlak, A., Kums, T., Purge, P., Pääsuke, M., & Jürimäe, J. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01222-6 · Cited by 7
Recreational Dance Practice Modulates Lymphocyte Profile and Function in Diabetic Women
Passos, M. E. P., Borges, L., dos Santos-Oliveira, L. C., Alecrim, A. L., Lobato, T. B., de Oliveira, H. H., Momesso, C. M., Diniz, V. L. S., Iser‐Bem, P. N., Manoel, R., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1309-2037 · Cited by 7
Physical Inactivity as a Missing Link in Understanding the Progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Troosters, T., & Demeyer, H. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201506-1123ed · Cited by 8
“Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (a United States-based population study) suggest a reduction of approximately 210 steps per day in PA between 60 and 80 years of age (a 3% reduction per year from age 60 yr) (7).”
Background
A patient-designed integrative oncology intervention for stage IV locally recurrent rectal cancer: A case report
Hush, J. M., Steffens, D., & Solomon, M. J. (2024) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2024.05.002 · Cited by 4
The work Lifestyle-integrated Functional Exercise program for preventing functional decline in employees aged 55 years and older: development and initial evaluation
Ritter, Y., Pfister, D., Steckhan, G. M., Voelter‐Mahlknecht, S., Weber, B., Ellegast, R. P., Koch, C. A., Bausch, F., Grüber, M., & Schwenk, M. (2024) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-024-00356-5 · Cited by 4
“The baseline steps (9262 steps per day) were in the range of a “somewhat active” (7500– 9999 steps/day) group [46].”
Background
Custom-Made Daily Routine Increases the Number of Steps Taken by Frail Older Adults
Suguru, A. N. D. O., Higuchi, Y., Kitagawa, T., Murakami, T., & Todo, E. (2019) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2019-0099 · Cited by 4
Concurrent Validity Between Electronically Administered Physical Activity Questionnaires and Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Danish Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Larsen, R. T., Korfitsen, C. B., Juhl, C. B., Andersen, H. B., Langberg, H., & Christensen, J. (2020) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2020-0214 · Cited by 4
Is 4400 Steps per Day the New 10 000 Steps per Day?
Aguiar, E. J., Ducharme, S. W., & Thomas, D. M. (2019) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4704 · Cited by 4
Using Wearable Devices to Examine the Associations of Sedentary Behavior with Perceived and Performance Fatigability Among Older Adults: The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA)
Garcia, R. E., Newman, A. B., Johnson, E., Qiao, Y., Cawthon, P. M., Nicklas, B. J., Goodpaster, B. H., & Glynn, N. W. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25092722 · Cited by 3
“Normative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggests that the average steps/day for US adults 60 years or older range from 2749 to 4490 steps/day, demonstrating the high activity levels of SOMMA [38].”
A Comparison of Physical Activity and Dual Task Gait Among Persons with Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Older Adults
Swank, C., Trudelle-Jackson, E. J., Medley, A., Thompson, M. E., & Jackson, A. (2016) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics · doi:10.3109/02703181.2015.1134747 · Cited by 3
Impact of physical activity during weekdays and weekends on fat mass among adults: 12-month cohort study
Mantovani, A. M., Werneck, A. O., Agostinete, R. R., Lima, M. C. S., Codogno, J. S., Turi-Lynch, B. C., & Fernandes, R. A. (2020) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2019.0465.r1.16012020 · Cited by 3
Relationship between Physical Activity and Physical and Mental Functioning in Older Women Living in the Community
Maruyama, Y. (2022) · Asian Journal of Human Services · doi:10.14391/ajhs.22.62 · Cited by 3
Self-reported physical activity within and outside the neighborhood: Criterion-related validity of the Neighborhood Physical Activity Questionnaire in German older adults
Bödeker, M., Bucksch, J., & Wallmann-Sperlich, B. (2017) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2017.1383256 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, a valid range from 100 to 25,000 steps day−1 was applied (Tudor-Locke et al., 2011, 2013).”
Method
Assessment of Physical Activity
Demeyer, H., & Watz, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65888-9_8 · Cited by 3
Steps parameters of elderly patients hospitalised for an acute medical illness in a Swiss University Hospital: an observational pilot study
Tommasini, F., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Kayser, B., Tasheva, P., Paraschiv-Ionescu, A., & Méan, M. (2022) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.57187/smw.2022.40012 · Cited by 3
“A mean of 740 steps [14] and a median of 600–656 steps [15, 16] has been reported in older hospitalised patients, which is two to six times less than a comparable community-dwelling population [17].”
Background
Association between frequency of meeting daily step thresholds and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in older women
Hamaya, R., Evenson, K. R., Lieberman, D. E., & Lee, I.-M. M. (2025) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2025-110311 · Cited by 2
Step-Based Metrics and Translations of Physical Activity Guidelines among Adults in the HCHS/SOL
Moore, C. C., Cuthbertson, C. C., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Castañeda, S. F., Cordero, C., Daviglus, M. L., Mossavar‐Rahmani, Y., Perreira, K. M., & Evenson, K. R. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003177 · Cited by 2
International Symposium on Technikpsychologie (TecPsy) 2023
Gerber, N., & Zimmermann, V. (2023) · Sciendo eBooks · doi:10.2478/9788366675896 · Cited by 4
Everyday Social Support for Health Behaviours in Older Adults during Times of Challenge: Evidence from Daily Life Assessments
Garza, E. Z., Pauly, T., Choi, Y., Murphy, R. A., Linden, W., Ashe, M. C., Madden, K. M., Jakobi, J. M., Gerstorf, D., & Hoppmann, C. A. (2024) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980824000412 · Cited by 3
Activity Level Maintenance at 10-Year Minimum Follow-up Among Active Patients Undergoing Periacetabular Osteotomy
Ince, D., Pascual‐Garrido, C., O’Connor, K. P., Mistretta, K. L., Nepple, J. J., Schoenecker, P. L., & Clohisy, J. C. F. (2025) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465251334770 · Cited by 2
“30,31 Parilla et al 22 examined 85 hips in 85 patients undergoing PAO at a mean follow-up of 10.5 years and found that UCLA scores improved from 6.9 to 7.5 and mHHS from 63.3 to 86.1.”
Influential
Worn on the Older Body: Physical Activity Technologies and the Commitment to Health
Zieff, S. G., & Guedes, C. (2020) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2019-0106 · Cited by 2
Physical Activity and Aging
Burton, N. W. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_348-1 · Cited by 2
In response to: Re-evaluating the effect of age on physical activity over the lifespan
Wolff‐Hughes, D. L., Bassett, D. R., & White, T. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.09.003 · Cited by 2
Physical Activity and Aging
Burton, N. W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_348 · Cited by 2
Cardiometabolic disease risk in relation to objectively measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour in South African adults with knee and hip osteoarthritis
Kaoje, Y. S., Mokete, L., Dafkin, C., Pietrzak, J. R. T., Sikhauli, K., Frimpong, E., & Meiring, R. M. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2390670 · Cited by 1
“Overall the participants accumulated less than 5000 steps per day and spent fewer than 5 min per day stepping at an intensity that is considered moderate (cadence >100 steps per minute) [52].”
Case report: dynamic personalized physiological monitoring in lung cancer using wearable data
Bliss, J. W., Underwood, W. P., Carlson, A., Scott, J. M., Daly, R. M., Li, B. T., Drilon, A. E. D. C., Stetson, P. D., Boutros, P. C., & Jones, L. W. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1420888 · Cited by 1
Impact of exercise on the 21st century epidemic of heart failure
LaMonte, M. (2025) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2025.07.005 · Cited by 2
“36 Thus, the population effect for preventing HFpEF at older ages through increased walking activity could be considerable.”
Limitations of Daily Step Count for Assessing Health in Older Adults: The Need to Consider Walking Intensity
Román, P. Á. L., Pérez, A. D. L. C., MONTILLA, J. A. P., Sánchez, J. S., Zurita, M. L., & Linares, J. C. C. (2026) · Epidemiologia · doi:10.3390/epidemiologia7010024 · Cited by 1
Discriminating Between Fallers and Non-Fallers Using Kinematic Data from the Heel2Toe™ Wearable Sensor
Mayo, N. E., Abou-Sharkh, A., Dawes, H., Donkers, S. J., Gillis, C., Goulding, K. A., Hill, E., Mate, K., & Tomita, Y. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26051716 · Cited by 1
“References [51,52] and evidence show a dramatic drop in walking activities after the age of 75 [53], supporting this decision.”
Resources for Data Interpretation and Reporting
Tudor-Locke, C. E. (2016) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29577-0_5 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
SPPB reference values and performance in assessing sarcopenia in community-dwelling Singaporeans – Yishun StudyPreprint
Lee, S. Y., Choo, P. L., Pang, B. W. J., Lau, L. K., Jabbar, K. B. A., Seah, W. T., Chen, K. K., Ng, T. P., & Wee, S. L. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-242994/v1 · Cited by 1
Physical activity in persons with late effects of polio
Winberg, C. (2014) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
Acumulação diária e pico da cadência de passos, aptidão física e índice de massa corporal de pessoas idosas independentes
Ricardo, A. C. (2014) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Do older adults with higher daily ambulatory activity have lower central blood pressure?
Gonzales, J. U. (2015) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0384-6
The Work Lifestyle-integrated Functional Exercise Program for Preventing Functional Decline in Employees over 55 years: Development and Initial EvaluationPreprint
Ritter, Y., Pfister, D., Steckhan, G. M., Voelter‐Mahlknecht, S., Weber, B., Ellegast, R. P., Bausch, F., Koch, C. A., Grüber, M., & Schwenk, M. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/hrgwb
Normative percentile curves of accelerometer-measured daily step counts in Korean older adults
Lee, S., Lee, M., Lee, Y., & Park, S. (2025) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2025.0025

Authors: Tudor-Locke, C., Schuna, J. M., Barreira, T. V., Mire, E. F., Broyles, S. T., Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Johnson, W. D.
Affiliations: Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
ORCID: Tudor-Locke, C.
Barreira, T. V.
Broyles, S. T.
Katzmarzyk, P. T.
Johnson, W. D.
Venue: The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2013-08-02
Volume: 68
Issue: 11
Pages: 1426-1432
ISSN: 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
1758-535X
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt116
OpenAlex: W2129712642
Cited by: 110
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 6.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
Keywords: daily step count, older adults, pedometers, accelerometer, reference values, sex differences, age differences, physical activity, percentile curves, NHANES
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Reference Values, Time Factors, Exercise, Walking

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Normative Steps/Day Values for Older Adults: NHANES 2005-2006

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