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Women's Commensality in the Ancient Greek World
Open accessAbstract
Dining and drinking rituals in the ancient world have been the subject of much recent discussion, and the significance of these rituals, particularly for males, has been extensively studied. Scholars have often slighted the topic of women's part in the history of ancient Greek dining and drinking parties, however, and the broad generalization ‘Citizen women were never present at Greek symposia ’ is not uncommon. Admittedly, women other than hetairai, slaves, hired entertainers, etc., are not conspicuous in the evidence from which we must draw our history of ancient Greek symposia. The evidence, however, both written and visual, was created and preserved predominantly by males. Also, the view that there was a fairly narrow participation of women often seems based largely on evidence taken from fifth and fourth century B.C. Athens. Yet the roles of women at Greek dining and drinking partieschanged over time and place. This paper provides a survey, with examples, of the variety of women's dining occasions from the Homeric through to the Hellenistic age. The aim of this survey is to emphasize the value of paying closer attention to the female side of wining and dining in our discussions of occasions of commensality in the ancient Greek world.
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TL;DR
Burton surveys women’s commensality in the ancient Greek world from the Homeric through Hellenistic periods, arguing that the common view that respectable women were excluded from Greek dining and drinking parties is too narrow. She aggregates literary, inscriptional, and visual evidence to show women’s participation across men’s parties, women-only feasts, mixed gatherings, and female-hosted occasions.
Key findings
- The generalization “Citizen women were never present at Greek symposia” is inadequate: women appear at male-dominated dining occasions in Homeric epic, tragedy, philosophical anecdotes, and Hellenistic poetry. Examples include Arete presiding at a Phaeacian banquet, Helen leading a drinking party in Sparta, Clytemnestra expected at a sacrificial feast, and Oedipus’ daughters regularly sharing his table.
- Women held their own feasts and drinking gatherings. Athens’ Thesmophoria lasted three days and featured a state-sponsored women’s feast on the third day; other examples include the Skira, the all-night Haloa, the Adonia, Sappho’s circle on Lesbos, and likely private dining among Spartiate women.
- Religious festivals and sacrifices provided major occasions for women’s commensality, sometimes with men. An early third-century B.C. decree of Athenian orgeones assigned shares to males and females in similar proportions; a Thasos inscription from about 470 B.C. shows women receiving shares at a sacrifice for Athena Patroia; the Heraia at Olympia, held every four years, gave victorious maidens shares of the sacrificial ox.
- By the Hellenistic period, the range of women’s roles at dining and drinking parties was expanding. In Theocritus’ *Idyll* 14, Cynisca is a woman guest who is neither hired nor slave; Cameron is cited that by the third century B.C. “we need not automatically assume that any woman present at a symposium was a hetaira.” Hellenistic queens such as Arsinoe II sponsored public Adonia, and Cleopatra VII hosted a four-day series of royal symposia for Antony in 41 B.C.
Methods
- Design: a thematic survey with examples, organized into sections on Homeric/heroic dining, women attending men’s parties, women-only gatherings, men attending women’s parties, women in charge, and mixed commensality on fairly equal terms.
- Evidence: court cases, histories, biographies, travel texts, moral treatises, sympotic literature, inscriptions, scholia, visual art, poetry, plays, and fictive letters; Burton cautions that all this material must be read carefully, especially fictional works.
- Analysis: qualitative historical synthesis rather than quantitative or systematic sampling; the aim is to aggregate evidence suggesting a wider range of women’s commensal activities than usually acknowledged.
Limitations
- The paper states that evidence for ancient lives is limited and was generated and preserved mostly by men; it also notes that scholarship has over-weighted evidence from fifth- and fourth-century B.C. Athens, where respectable women’s roles appear more restricted than elsewhere.
- The paper states that interpretation of fictional depictions of women’s lives is “a very delicate matter,” though such depictions should not be disregarded as supplements to other evidence.
- Evident from the text: the argument relies on a wide chronological and geographic sweep with heterogeneous source types, and it often uses “probably,” “likely,” and “seems” for cases where direct evidence of women’s presence at meals is inferential.
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Claims the paper makes
58 Sources not found · 33 Own interpretation · 14 Own result · 8 Not checked yet · 2 No basis given
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In the paper
“Women sacrificed and feasted together at other celebrations of Demeter.”
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In the paper
“Among the Homeric gods too, females and males traditionally dine terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.https://doi.org/10.1093/gr/45.2.143 together.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Most importantly for us, she is said to have regularly attended dinners and symposia with her husband.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
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hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Helen, in her Spartan home after her return from Troy, offers a key example of a woman who actively participates in drinking parties that include male strangers.”
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In the paper
“Some of the poetry written during Hellenistic times seems to reflect a relaxation of gender and class restrictions at symposia in the Hellenistic period.29”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
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In the paper
“Respectable females other than the matron of the house also make appearances at dining and drinking gatherings in the Homeric world.”
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In the paper
“Further, not only could respectable women attend dining and drinking parties that included males outside the family, but they could also play powerful roles at these parties.”
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In the paper
“Further, not only could respectable women attend dining and drinking parties that included males outside the family, but they could also play powerful roles at these parties.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Also in Greek tragedies depicting the heroic world, respectable women participate in feasts attended also by men.”
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In the paper
“For example, the honours given to women for artistic achievements and civic endowments attest to the economic power and visibility of Hellenistic Greek women.26”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
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In the paper
“At the highest levels, strong queens such as Berenice I and Arsinoe II were displaying autliority and power in the public sphere by such acts as sponsoring temples and festivals.27”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
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In the paper
“Yet noblewomen too terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.https://doi.org/10.1093/gr/45.2.143 could appear at these banquets.”
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In the paper
“Several anecdotes concerning philosophers suggest that respectable women were not unknown at convivial gatherings that would have terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.https://doi.org/10.1093/gr/45.2.143 included male strangers or acquaintances (not kin).”
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In the paper
“Arete's freedom to attend feasts that include male guests and strangers is not unique to her in the Homeric texts.”
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In the paper
“A particularly bold example is the lavish dinner hosted by Lamia, an Athenian flute-girl, in honour of her lover, Demetrius Poliorcetes of Macedonia”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plut.Detnetr, 27.2
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- Not matchedcites Lynceus ap.Ath.lOle, 128ab
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- Not matchedcites Alciphron Ep.Meret.16.8
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In the paper
“For example, a calendar dated 375-350 B.C. from the Attic deme Erchia indicates that women were to receive and consume the sacrificial meat from the goat-sacrifices to Semele and Dionysus that took place on the 16th of the month Elaphebolion.57”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
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In the paper
“Archaeological excavations have uncovered dining buildings in sanctuaries of women's worship, which suggest women's banquets.”
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In the paper
“For example, as Herodotus' story of Cleobis and Biton suggests, the Argive feast in honour of Hera seems to have included both men and women, during the archaic age at least”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hdt. 1.31
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In the paper
“Other female-dominated Aphrodite celebrations also seem to have included males on occasion.”
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In the paper
“There are several vase paintings depicting women holding symposia; 50 it has sometimes been suggested that such depictions may just be male jokes, but as M. Robertson suggests, it also seems 'very likely' that hetairai, at least, held their own symposia.51”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
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- Not matchedcites [51]
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In the paper
“Arsinoe seems to have taken the innovative step of sponsoring an Adonia in the palace grounds and inviting the public to attend.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
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In the paper
“Dionysiac rites also provided opportunities for women to drink and eat together, not only in ecstatic, private, all-night celebrations but also in other contexts.56”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
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In the paper
“Thus, for example, the Andaman statute reforming the mysteries of Apollo Karneios and Demeter in 92-91 B.C. directs the hieroi (holy men) to share a meal of sacrificial meat with the hierai (holy women), as well as select others, both male and female (including the hierophant's wife and children) .82”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Another example of a women's feast that excluded men took place at Tegea, in Arcadia, in honour of Ares Gunaikothoinas (feaster of women).”
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In the paper
“Celebrations of the Haloa, the bawdy midwinter festival in honour of Demeter and Dionysus mentioned earlier, may not always have excluded men.”
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In the paper
“Gnathaena is also credited with writing such a treatise, called 'Rule for Dining in Company'.75”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75]
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In the paper
“As for funerals, the will of Epiktete of Thera shows that at least by 200 B.C. women as well as men were participating in private commemorative feasts for the dead”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
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In the paper
“Private women's worship ceremonies also seem to have sometimes included men in celebration feasts after a sacrifice.”
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In the paper
“included feasts attended by both men and women”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Anabasis 5.3.9
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In the paper
“For example, Archippe, daughter of Dikaiogenes, among other beneficent acts, paid for a sacrifice and banquet for the people of Cyme, as recorded in decrees passed by the assembly of Cyme in her honour in the second century B.C. 76”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Before the Hellenistic period, the women celebrated in our extant texts for hosting feasts were generally courtesans.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Adonia, especially, seems to have provided opportunities for males to attend female-defined feasts, and male writers seem particularly taken with this aspect of the festival.”
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In the paper
“By the fourth century B.C. in Athens, if not necessarily earlier and elsewhere, wedding parties may have placed males and females at separate tables, as suggested by a fragment from • Euangelus (probably a New Comedy poet): a father claims to have told his cook to set 'four tables of women and six of men' in preparation for the wedding-feast (Ath.644d).87”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Euangelus ap. Ath. 644d
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hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This treatise exemplifies her assumption of power at her dinner parties, for guests who attended her and her daughter's parties reportedly were expected to follow her rules.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75]
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hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus a fragment of Menander from the play 'Ladies Who Lunch Together' seems to assume that women could attend wedding feasts: 'A clever scheme this, not to get a lot of women together and entertain a crowd, but to get up a wedding, as you have done, for those who eat at home' (ap.Ath.248a; tr.Gulick).89”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Men. ap. Ath. 248a
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In the paper
“The most famous example perhaps is Cleopatra VII, who, on meeting Antony in Tarsus in 41 B.C., hosted a fourday series of royal symposia, each more sumptuous than the last (Socrates of Rhodes ap.Ath.147e-148b).77”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Socrates of Rhodes ap.Ath.147e-148b
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Queen Arsinoe II's sponsorship of a public Adonia in Alexandria, Egypt, offers another example of a Hellenistic queen using the hosting of parties for political advantage.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, excavations have uncovered banquet rooms at sites of women's worship (such as Brauron and the sanctuary of Demeter at Corinth) , 47”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
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“Also at Perge, in Pamphylia, third century B.C., a public sacrifice was performed (and consumed) by the priestess of Artemis and the prytaneis' wives.46”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These feasts, supported by the male citizenry and integrated into the city-state's calendar, provided an occasion for women to socialize together en masse, apart from men.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Respectable women may also have participated in certain sacrificial feasts over which men presided, as suggested in some cases by the distribution of sacrificial meat to women.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Also, the use of marriage contracts, which protected a woman's interests even in the absence of family, could allow women more mobility and independence.28”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
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hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, the participation of women in the history of Greek commensality does not depend solely on female presence at male-defined symposia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Yet the final qualifying phrase is worth more notice, for it indicates that Greek women could attend dinner parties that included only relatives as guests.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, Isaeus' statement also seems to suggest that married women might think of feasting in the company of male acquaintances.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Also, the view that there was a fairly narrow participation of women often seems based largely on evidence taken from fifth and fourth century B.C. Athens.3”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Thus, at least by the third century B.C., as Cameron notes, 'we need not automatically assume that any woman present at a symposium was a hetaira.' 32”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Yet the roles of women at Greek dining and drinking parties changed over time and place.4”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Women who lived, studied, and practised philosophy with men in these communities would probably have eaten with them as well.24”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The symposium 5 was one of the central social institutions of the ancient world, and how people felt about it in part signified their social class and political views (elitist versus democratic).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The symposium 5 was one of the central social institutions of the ancient world, and how people felt about it in part signified their social class and political views (elitist versus democratic).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Scholars have often slighted the topic of women's part in the history of ancient Greek dining and drinking parties, however, and the broad generalization 'Citizen women were never present at Greek symposia' is not uncommon.2”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Theocritus' Idyll 15, our evidence for Arsinoe's Adonia, shows how Arsinoe's sponsorship of a public Adonia, by recognizing and authorizing what was formerly marginalized, highlights Arsinoe's powerful presence at court and in Alexandria's cultural life.78”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just as powerful men could use dinner parties to advertise power and status, so too women.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The tradition of wedding feasts that included both males and females also has roots in the heroic age: for example, the wedding feast of Peleus and Thetis, which was attended by both male and female deities.88”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“In the fourth century B.C., there was a tradition of philosophers writing treatises on symposium manners.74”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [74]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respectable Hellenistic women also used lavish feasts to demonstrate power and establish prestige.”
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet the evidence in this paper shows that even in classical Athens the social opportunities for women to share food and drink were more varied than generally acknowledged, including such events as luncheons, private parties, wedding banquets, and sacrificial feasts.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“So too by the Hellenistic age, certain Dionysiac rites seem to have included men and women on fairly equal terms, 83”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Hellenistic age also, the tradition of hetairai hosting lavish dinner parties as a means of self-display continues.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, during the Hellenistic period, a time of rising social mobility, the range of women's roles at dining and drinking parties was also expanding.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There are several vase paintings depicting women holding symposia; 50 it has sometimes been suggested that such depictions may just be male jokes, but as M. Robertson suggests, it also seems 'very likely' that hetairai, at least, held their own symposia.51”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“This statement seems to reflect a long tradition of women's high visibility in Greek wedding processions and other activities, as depicted, for example, in vase paintings dating from the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. 86”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Wedding feasts offered other occasions on which Greek men and women could gather together and eat and drink on fairly equal terms.84”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examples from New Comedy reinforce the impression that the tradition of mixed wedding parties seems to have persisted in the Greek world.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even the elitist male-defined symposium, which arose during the archaic age, started opening up to include respectable women, at least by the third century B.C., if not earlier.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and these rites probably included some form of eating and drinking.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Festivals that provided occasions for men and women to gather together may sometimes have included rituals of feasting and drinking on fairly equal terms, whether the men and women were seated together or separately.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The example of Gnathaena shows how women could appropriate a typically male-defined institution and make it their own.”
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In more established female communities, all-women dining (and drinking) parties probably were not uncommon.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hellenistic queens too used the forum of dining parties for self-display and political advantage.”
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper shows that the traditional view of women's commensality in the ancient Greek world is too narrow.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, certain religious celebrations that included both men and women seem to have provided opportunities for men and women to share meals on fairly equal terms.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Also in the Spartan state, where men typically ate dinner not at home but in male messes (Plut.Lye. 10, 12), due to the state's desire for a standing military force, women (in the absence of men at dinnertime) might well have gathered for private dining parties.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plut.Lye. 10, 12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Religious festivals provided important occasions for women to share food and drink with one another in the ancient Greek world, as elsewhere.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outside classical Athens, the range widens still further.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
In the paper
“Further, by the fourth century B.C., legal speeches in Athens would cite a woman's presence at such parties as proof that she must have been a prostitute, 15 which seems to reinforce the supposition that respectable women were not generally welcome at traditionalist, male-defined dinner parties and symposia, at least during the classical period in Athens.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another festival featuring a women's feast and also signifying at least a temporary opposition to men is the Skira, a summer festival associated with both Demeter and Athena.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women also held their own parties in the ancient Greek world; this section focuses on female-defined drinking and dining gatherings that excluded men.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Athens, this festival lasted three days, and the third day featured a statesponsored women's feast.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But while male political life was in decline (in a world ruled by kings), evidence shows that the horizon of social roles for Greek women was expanding.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“for she reportedly exacted money from the local citizens to finance the party (Plut.Detnetr, 27.2; Lynceus ap.Ath.lOle, 128ab; see also Alciphron Ep.Meret.16.8).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plut.Detnetr, 27.2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lynceus ap.Ath.lOle, 128ab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Alciphron Ep.Meret.16.8
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in Menander's Dyskolos a city woman directs the sacrifice to Pan and the celebratory lunch, and if her son and his friends attend the lunch, they are there as guests.70”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, on the island of Lesbos in the sixth century B.C., the poet Sappho was the centre of a group of women who gathered together for reasons of affection and also instruction (e.g., in music and poetry), and it is likely that these gatherings also included food and drink on occasion.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“At Athens, the celebrations seem to have taken place typically in small, private, all-night parties hosted by women at their homes (and on their roof-tops) (see, e.g., Men.Sam.46; Ar.Lys.389-98), and eating and drinking were probably part of the usual festivities.48”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Men.Sam.46
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Ar.Lys.389-98
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Further, when Xenophon established an Artemis sanctuary at Scillus near Olympia in the fourth century B.C., he instituted an annual sacrifice to the goddess 'and all the citizens and the men and women of the neighbourhood participated in the festival'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Anabasis 5.3.9
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Also, every four years at the Heraia in Olympia, the maidens who won the running contests received shares of the sacrificial ox as awards, and sixteen women, with female attendants, were in charge of the festivities (Paus.5.16.2-3), which may have included a sacrificial feast.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Paus.5.16.2-3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Also, mixed thiasoi (groups of Dionysiac worshippers) that involved initiation were including males by the fifth century B.C., 66 and the group activities doubtless included eating and drinking rites.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Also, inscriptional evidence from Magnesia (third century B.C.) shows that women were also in charge of mixed groups of worshippers of Dionysus (thiasoi), 71 and their celebrations probably included food and drink.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A more bawdy festival featuring women's feasting was the Haloa, an all-night midwinter festival honouring Demeter and Dionysus.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“for Epiktete's will established an annual three-day feast in honour of the Muses and heroes (Epiktete, her husband, and her two sons), and both females and males are named by her will as members of the initial commemorative group.91”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At Eleusis, the archons provided the celebrant women with wine and foodstuffs, which included dough shaped like genitals, and the women feasted together within the sanctuary, supposedly telling ribald jokes to one another, while the men stayed outside.44”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Two other philosophical communities (in addition to the Cynics, as noted above) were remarkably open to women: the Pythagoreans, from the late sixth century B.C. on, mostly in Greek communities in southern Italy, and the Epicureans, starting in the fourth century B.C. 23”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus Helen uses the forum of the dinner party for political purposes: to try to rebuild her reputation, to try to limit damage from her adulterous journey to Troy.”
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“As an outlander in Athens, Aspasia reportedly became friends with such notables as Socrates and might well have attended dinner parties at which Socrates was present (see, e.g., Plut.Per.24.3; Ath.569f).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plut.Per.24.3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Ath.569f
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the Homeric world, as Murray has shown, elite warriors seem to have established a system of reciprocal banquets held in great halls, which served to maximize the number of potential allies. 8”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Just as men had a wide range of venues in which they might socialize with one another, including public banquets (many of them religious), 6 so too women.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“During the archaic period, when the new hoplite fighting force was expanding the sense of entitlement beyond the aristocratic class, Greek male aristocrats began to hold small, elitist, male-defined, after-dinner drinking parties, which helped preserve their sense of social exclusivity and superiority, in part through the adoption of luxurious customs, such as reclining on couches.12”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But in the ancient Greek world, where women were typically denied such modes of self-expression as voting in civic elections or serving on juries, women's religious festivals and celebrations also provided important opportunities (both formal and informal) for women to establish a sense of self-identity and community; and feasting and drinking together played a significant role in this process of”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As among humans, so also at divine drinking and dining gatherings friendships are established, political alliances are created, and plots are hatched.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In part because their presence or absence signifies presence or absence in a venue where deals were made, political and social linkages established, ideas discussed.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We begin with this survey of Homeric formulations of gender behaviour at dining and drinking parties since, for the Greeks, the Homeric epics, memorized at school and recited at public festivals, were not only art but also models for life (e.g., how to make sacrifices, kill enemies, welcome guests).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“So too Gomme and Sandbach comment on fragment 209 of Menander: 'the speaker . . .imagines the horrors of a wedding-party where there are present many relations of the bride; a wedding-party, since this is an occasion when men and women drink together'.90”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gomme and Sandbach
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Plutarch's Table-Talk (Quaest.conv.)includes the question 'Why do people invite the most guests to wedding feasts?' (666d).One answer given is that the guest-list becomes large in part because 'many or most of the activities relating to a wedding are in the hands of women, and where women are present it is necessary that their husbands also should be included' (667b).85”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plut. Quaest.conv. 666d
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Plut. Quaest.conv. 667b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Sparta too, where Spartiate men ate in common messes, it is likely that Spartiate women invited one another to dinner on occasion.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“So too celebrations of gender-inclusive mysteries included feasts for both men and women, although they need not have eaten in the same dining area.81”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In classical Athens the range of commensal activities for respectable, upper-class women appears to have been limited.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted above, the Adonia was traditionally a countercultural women's festival celebrated in private parties.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, it is likely that women in Sappho's circle in Lesbos (sixth century B.C.) shared common meals and threw private drinking parties.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests, for example, that respectable women and queens were displaying their power through the sponsorship of lavish public banquets.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, our evidence also shows women holding private sacrifices and including men in the meals afterwards.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These included not only publicly sponsored women's festivals such as Athens' Thesmophoria, which featured a major women's feast, but also countercultural women's festivals such as the Adonia, traditionally celebrated through private parties.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, even at male-dominated religious festivals, women might receive shares of the sacrificial meat and attend the sacrificial feasts.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence makes it clear that women were active in commensal activities, both inside classical”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is highly probable that respectable women were included in common feasts among philosophical communities that welcomed women (e.g., the Pythagoreans, Southern Italy, sixth century B.C., and the Epicureans later).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The evidence for ancient Greek symposia, both written and visual, was created and preserved predominantly by males.
“The evidence, however, both written and visual, was created and preserved predominantly by males.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Our evidence for women's life in the ancient Greek world is limited.
“Our evidence for women's life in the ancient Greek world is limited, and many of our glimpses into women's lives come only in works of fiction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Scholarly studies of ancient commensality have traditionally focused mostly on men, and women's roles (beyond hetaira at symposium) are often overlooked.
“Scholarly studies of ancient commensality have traditionally focused mostly on men, and women's roles (beyond hetaira at symposium) are often overlooked.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Our evidence for ancient lives is fairly limited and was generated and preserved mostly by men.
“One problem is that our evidence for ancient lives is fairly limited and was generated and preserved mostly by men.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The weight given to evidence from classical Athens is a problem, and respectable women's roles in classical Athens seem to have been more restricted than elsewhere in the Greek world.
“Another problem is the weight given to evidence from classical Athens, where respectable women's roles seem to have been more restricted than elsewhere in the Greek world.”
Citations
Cites
Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle
Dover, K. J. (1975) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/324314 · Cited by 1,187
Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth
Hansen, W., & Burkert, W. (1985) · The Classical World · doi:10.2307/4349736 · Cited by 595
Keuls, E. C., & Winkler, J. J. (1991) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2165050 · Cited by 554
(1991) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.23429 · Cited by 549
The Cuisine of Sacrifice among the Greeks
Détienne, M., Vernant, J.-P., Durand, J.-L., & Wissing, P. (1989) · Cited by 452
Reflections of Women in Antiquity
Garland, J., & Foley, H. P. (1984) · The American Journal of Philology · doi:10.2307/294880 · Cited by 412
Pornography and representation in Greece and Rome
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-3983 · Cited by 399
Sappho and Alcaeus : an introduction to the study of ancient Lesbian poetry
Page, D. L. (1955) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 314
(1990) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198148616.001.0001 · Cited by 298
The New Comedy of Greece and Rome
Hunter, R. L. (1985) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511627361 · Cited by 286
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Useful collections of articles on the ancient symposium include O. Murray, ed., Sympotica: a Symposium on the Symposion (Oxford, 1990);
- For the use of the term symposium 'to denote not only the drinking phase but the preceding dining phase as well, i.e. the entire feast', see B. Bergquist, in Murray (n. 1 above), 37.
- See O. Murray, in E. Gabba, ed., Tria corda: Scritti in onore diArnaldo Momigliano (Como, 1983), 259 ff.; Early Greece 1 (Cambridge [Mass.], 1993), 47-8.
- Fraenkel contrasts this with Athenian custom: 'The part played by the daughter in the sacrificial ritual of a company of men consisting by no means solely of her near relations . . . would be hardly conceivable within the limits of Athenian custom' (E. Fraenkel, ed., Aeschylus: Agamemnon, reprint, with corrections, 3 vols. [Oxford, 1962], vol. ii 141 n. 245 ff.).
- Thus, in the fourth century B.C., Demosthenes (19.196ff.) discredits Aeschines in court by reporting how Aeschines had a woman beaten almost to death for refusing to sing at a symposium terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1093/gr/45.2.143 , subject to the Cambridge Core
- For further discussion of these examples, see Dalby (n. 3 above), 172. 4Q. On the exclusion of males from this festival, see, e.g., Ar. Thesm.; W. Burkert, Greek Religion, tr.J. Raffan (Cambridge [Mass.], 1985), 242.
- B.C. (Ann Arbor, 1978), 114ff. On dining buildings in the sanctuary of Demeter at Corinth, see N. Bookidis and J. E. Fisher, Hesperia 41 (1972), 288 ff.
- An additional phrase 'for my boon-companions and yours' may have further strengthened terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1093/gr/45.2.143 , subject to the Cambridge Core
- see also A. S. Hollis, Callimachus: Hecale (Oxford, 1990), 341 ff.
- 186b, 464c, 496f), and Xenocrates (another pupil of Plato) also wrote a treatise on symposium manners (Ath. 186b).
- The English translation is taken from H. B. Hoffleit, ed. with translation, Plutarch's Moralia, vol. viii (Cambridge [Mass.], 1969), 335.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heath, J. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511483011 · Cited by 146
Gender, Identity and the Body in Greek and Roman Sculpture
Barrow, R., & Silk, M. S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139600439 · Cited by 69
Space and Social Complexity in Greece from the Early Iron Age to the Classical Period
Westgate, R. (2015) · Hesperia The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens · doi:10.2972/hesperia.84.1.0047 · Cited by 47
Reitsema, L. J., Kyle, B., & Vassallo, S. (2020) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101144 · Cited by 20
Les femmes grecques et l’andron
Pantel, P. S. (2001) · Clio · doi:10.4000/clio.109 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Burton, J.
- Corresponding author
- Burton, Joan
- Venue
- Greece and Rome
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1998-10
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 143-165
- ISSN
- 0017-3835 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-4550
- OpenAlex
- W2144965846
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Greece and Rome (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Classical Antiquity Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient Mediterranean Archaeology and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Classical Philosophy and Thought
- Keywords
- hetairai, gender and food, Homeric period, Hellenistic period, Athenian women, women in ancient Greece
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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