The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racial Disparities in the Use of Physical Restraints in U.S. Nursing Homes
Abstract
The use of physical restraints in nursing homes among black and white residents was examined on the basis of data from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey to determine if black residents were more susceptible to the use of physical restraints. Odds ratios acquired through logistic regression are provided with 95 percent confidence intervals. Findings revealed that black residents are more likely than white residents to be restrained with bed rails, side rails, and trunk restraints. Findings suggest that racial disparities exist in the use of physical restraints. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Largely due to their segregation into lower quality facilities, Black nursing home residents as compared with their white counterparts report lower quality of life (Shippee et al., 2020), are more often physically restrained (Cassie and Cassie, 2013), and receive pain treatment less often (Mack et al., 2018).”
From Algorithmic harms and digital ageism in the use of surveillance technologies in nursing homes (2022) · cites this paper as Cassie and Cassie, 2013
Citations
Cites
Driven to tiers: socioeconomic and racial disparities in the quality of nursing home care
MOR, V., ZINN, J., ANGELELLI, J., TENO, J. M., & MILLER, S. C. (2004) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00309.x · Cited by 488
The National Nursing Home Survey: 2004 overview: (565222009-001)
Jones, A. L., Dwyer, L. L., Bercovitz, A. R., & Strahan, G. W. (2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e565222009-001 · Cited by 299
Separate And Unequal: Racial Segregation And Disparities In Quality Across U.S. Nursing Homes
Smith, D. B., Feng, Z., Fennell, M. L., Zinn, J. S., & Mor, V. (2007) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.5.1448 · Cited by 265
Use of physical restraints and antipsychotic medications in nursing homes: a cross‐national study
Feng, Z., Hirdes, J. P., Smith, T. F., Finne‐Soveri, H., Chi, I., Pasquier, J. D., Gilgen, R., Ikegami, N., & Mor, V. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2232 · Cited by 188
Feng, Z., Fennell, M. L., Tyler, D. A., Clark, M., & Mor, V. (2011) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0126 · Cited by 188
Persistence of Racial Disparities in Advance Care Plan Documents Among Nursing Home Residents
Degenholtz, H. B., Arnold, R. A., Meisel, A., & Lave, J. R. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50073.x · Cited by 165
Racial disparities in access to long-term care: the illusive pursuit of equity
Smith, D. B., Feng, Z., Fennell, M. L., Zinn, J., & Mor, V. (2008) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-2008-022 · Cited by 78
Luo, H., Lin, M. K., & Castle, N. G. (2011) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317510387585 · Cited by 54
Cai, S., Mukamel, D. B., & Temkin‐Greener, H. (2010) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181ca2810 · Cited by 53
Boyington, J., Howard, D. L., Carter‐Edwards, L., Gooden, K., Erdem, N., Taylor, Y. J., & Busby‐Whitehead, J. (2007) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/01.nnr.0000263969.08878.51 · Cited by 51
End-of-life care in nursing home settings: Do race or age matter?
Reynolds, K. S., Hanson, L. C., Henderson, M. L., & Steinhauser, K. E. (2008) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951508000047 · Cited by 49
Review of the Use of Physical Restraints and Lap Belts With Wheelchair Users
Ferretti, E. C., Cooper, R. A., Collins, D. M., Karmarkar, A. M., & Cooper, R. (2007) · Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2007.10131868 · Cited by 41
Mental Health Outcomes and Physical Restraint Use in Nursing Homes {Private}
Castle, N. G. (2006) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-006-0080-0 · Cited by 35
Bardenheier, B. H., WORTLEY, P. M., Ahmed, F., Hales, C. M., & Shefer, A. M. (2009) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2009.09.011 · Cited by 28
Disparities in Use of Antipsychotic Medications Among Nursing Home Residents in Arkansas
Hudson, T. J., Cody, M., Armitage, T. L., Curtis, M. A., & Sullivan, G. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.6.749 · Cited by 15
Trends in restraint prevalence in US nursing homes, 1990 through 1994.
Schoeneman, K., & Graber, D. R. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.10.1480 · Cited by 2
Cited by
Addressing systemic racism in nursing homes: a time for action
Sloane, P. D., Yearby, R., Konetzka, R. T., Li, Y., Espinoza, R., & Zimmerman, S. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.02.023 · Cited by 76
Shippee, T. P., Ng, W., & Bowblis, J. R. (2020) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igaa014 · Cited by 56
Algorithmic harms and digital ageism in the use of surveillance technologies in nursing homes
Berridge, C., & Grigorovich, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.957246 · Cited by 47
“As a result of systemic racism, care quality and outcomes are worse in facilities that house primarily Black or Hispanic residents (Mor et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2008; Fennell et al., 2010; Cassie and Cassie, 2013; Li et al., 2015; Mack et al., 2018).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Cassie, K. M., & Cassie, W.
- Affiliations
- Murray State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cassie, K. M.
- ORCID
- Cassie, K. M.
- Venue
- Health & Social Work
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-11-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 207-213
- ISSN
- 0360-7283 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-6854
- OpenAlex
- W2115085154
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health & Social Work (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Keywords
- physical restraint, racial disparities, nursing homes, Black residents, bed rails, side rails, long-term care, National Nursing Home Survey
- MeSH terms
- Accidental Falls, Activities of Daily Living, Mental Disorders, Black or African American, Dementia, Female, Health Policy, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Medical Records, Nursing Homes, Restraint, Physical, Social Work, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Organizational Policy, Health Care Surveys, White People, Minority Health, Healthcare Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
