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Cited by 265Reproductive Health and ContraceptionEctopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and ManagementInternational Human Rights and Reproductive Law

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience.

Open access
Cleland, K., Zhu, H., Goldstuck, N., Cheng, L., Trussell, J.·2012·Human Reproduction
DOI 10.1093/humrep/des140PMC PMC3619968
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine devices (IUDs) have been studied for use for emergency contraception for at least 35 years. IUDs are safe and highly effective for emergency contraception and regular contraception, and are extremely cost-effective as an ongoing method. The objective of this study was to evaluate the existing data to estimate the efficacy of IUDs for emergency contraception. METHODS: The reference list for this study was generated from hand searching the reference lists of relevant articles and our own article archives, and electronic searches of several databases: Medline, Global Health, Clinicaltrials.gov, Popline, Wanfang Data (Chinese) and Weipu Data (Chinese). We included studies published in English or Chinese, with a defined population of women who presented for emergency contraception and were provided with an IUD, and in which the number of pregnancies was ascertained and loss to follow-up was clearly defined. Data from each article were abstracted independently by two reviewers. RESULTS: The 42 studies (of 274 retrieved) that met our inclusion criteria were conducted in six countries between 1979 and 2011 and included eight different types of IUD and 7034 women. The maximum timeframe from intercourse to insertion of the IUD ranged from 2 days to 10 or more days; the majority of insertions (74% of studies) occurred within 5 days of intercourse. The pregnancy rate (excluding one outlier study) was 0.09%. CONCLUSIONS: IUDs are a highly effective method of contraception after unprotected intercourse. Because they are safe for the majority of women, highly effective and cost-effective when left in place as ongoing contraception, whenever clinically feasible IUDs should be included in the range of emergency contraception options offered to patients presenting after unprotected intercourse. This review is limited by the fact that the original studies did not provide sufficient data on the delay between intercourse and insertion of the IUD, parity, cycle day of intercourse or IUD type to allow analysis by any of these variables.

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Citations

Cites

Show all 37 references

Research works printed but not linked: 46

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Metadata

Authors
Cleland, K., Zhu, H., Goldstuck, N., Cheng, L., & Trussell, J.
Affiliations
  • Princeton University (US)
  • Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
  • Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research (CN)
  • University of Hull (GB)
Corresponding author
Cleland, K.
ORCID
Venue
Human Reproduction
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2012-05-08
Volume
27
Issue
7
Pages
1994-2000
ISSN
  • 0268-1161 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2350
DOI
10.1093/humrep/des140
PMC
PMC3619968
OpenAlex
W2124536101
Cited by
265
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 8
FWCI
4.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Human Reproduction (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD047879)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Human Rights and Reproductive Law
Keywords
intrauterine devices, emergency contraception, contraceptive efficacy, pregnancy rate, unprotected sex, IUD insertion timing, cost-effectiveness
MeSH terms
Clinical Trials as Topic, Contraceptive Agents, Female, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Humans, Intrauterine Devices, Pregnancy, Time Factors, Databases, Factual, Levonorgestrel, Contraception, Postcoital, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century

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