The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Form and Function of Lungs: The Evolution of Air Breathing Mechanisms
Abstract
SYNOPSIS. Structural evolution of the vertebrate lung illustrates the principle that the emergence of seemingly new structures such as the mammalian lung is due to intensification of one of the functions of the original piscine lung. The configuration of the mechanical support of the lung in which elastic and collagen fibers form a continuous framework is well matched with the functional demands. The design of the mammalian gas exchange cells is an ingenious solution to meet the functional demands of optimizing maintenance pathways from nucleus to the cytoplasm while simultaneously providing minimal barrier thickness. Surfactant is found in the most primitive lungs providing a protective continuous film of fluid over the delicate epithelium. As the lung became profusely partitioned, surfactant became a functionally new surface-tension reduction device to prevent the collapse of the super-thin foam-like respiratory surface. Experimental analyses have established that in lower vertebrates lungs are ventilated with a buccal pulse pump, which is driven by identical sets of muscles acting in identical patterns in fishes and frogs. In the aquatic habitats suction is the dominant mode of feeding generating buccal pressure changes far exceeding those recorded during air ventilation. From the perspective of air ventilation the buccal pulse pump is overdesigned. However in terrestrial habitats vertebrates must operate with higher metabolic demands and the lung became subdivided into lo…
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“Pulmonary surfactants with a balanced cholesterol/phospholipid ratio are critical for reducing surface tension during respiration (Liem, 1988).”
From Ancestral developmental potentials in early bony fish contributed to vertebrate water-to-land transition (2021) · cites this paper as Liem, 1988
Citations
Cites
The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes
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Self-citationRunning and Breathing in Mammals
Bramble, D. M., & Carrier, D. R. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6849136 · Cited by 576
The pathway for oxygen : structure and function in the mammalian respiratory system
Weibel, E. R. (1984) · Harvard University Press eBooks · Cited by 412
Design of the mammalian respiratory system. I. Problem and strategy
Richard Taylor, C., & Weibel, E. R. (1981) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(81)90073-6 · Cited by 392
(1978) · Proceedings in Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66894-4 · Cited by 348
Weibel, M. (1984) · Cited by 277
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SWIMBLADDER FUNCTION
ALEXANDER, R. M. (1966) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1966.tb01542.x · Cited by 244
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Respiration in a primitive air breather, amia calva
Johansen, K., Hanson, D., & Lenfant, C. (1970) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(70)90068-x · Cited by 172
Design of the mammalian respiratory system. IX. Functional and structural limits for oxygen flow
Weibel, E. R., Taylor, C. R., Gehr, P., Hoppeler, H., Mathieu, O., & Maloiy, G. M. O. (1981) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(81)90081-5 · Cited by 164
Cited by
Fitch, W. T. (2010) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511817779 · Cited by 594
Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky
Hsia, C. C. W., Schmitz, A., Lambertz, M., Perry, S. F., & Maina, J. N. (2013) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c120003 · Cited by 341
Deméré, T. A., McGowen, M. R., Berta, A., & Gatesy, J. (2008) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1080/10635150701884632 · Cited by 283
Pleil, J. D., Ariel Geer Wallace, M., Davis, M. D., & Matty, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Breath Research · doi:10.1088/1752-7163/ac2589 · Cited by 212
Organogenesis--Heart and Blood Formation from the Zebrafish Point of View
Thisse, C., & Zon, L. I. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063654 · Cited by 235
Metadata
- Authors
- LIEM, K. F.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- LIEM, KAREL F.
- ORCID
- LIEM, KAREL F.
- Venue
- American Zoologist
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1988-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 739-759
- ISSN
- 0003-1569 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2020090605
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Zoologist (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (8500585)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- lung evolution, air breathing, diaphragm, lung mechanics, surfactants, gas exchange, symmorphosis, respiratory mechanics, functional morphology
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- The paper
- LIEM, K. F. (1988). Form and Function of Lungs: The Evolution of Air Breathing Mechanisms. American Zoologist. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.2.739
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
