The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The use of fractional polynomials to model continuous risk variables in epidemiology
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The traditional method of analysing continuous or ordinal risk factors by categorization or linear models may be improved. METHODS: We propose an approach based on transformation and fractional polynomials which yields simple regression models with interpretable curves. We suggest a way of presenting the results from such models which involves tabulating the risks estimated from the model at convenient values of the risk factor. We discuss how to incorporate several continuous risk and confounding variables within a single model. The approach is exemplified with data from the Whitehall I study of British Civil Servants. We discuss the approach in relation to categorization and non-parametric regression models. RESULTS: We show that non-linear risk models fit the data better than linear models. We discuss the difficulties introduced by categorization and the advantages of the new approach. CONCLUSIONS: Our approach based on fractional polynomials should be considered as an important alternative to the traditional approaches for the analysis of continuous variables in epidemiological studies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“NfL was entered as a linear predictor term after confirming linearity of the associations with fractional polynomial analyses (32).”
From A Method to Combine Neurofilament Light Measurements From Blood Serum and Plasma in Clinical and Population-Based Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Linearity in the logit was assessed with fractional polynomials (35).”
From Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994) · doi:10.1201/9780429246593 · Cited by 40,500
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305
Brown, R. A., Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1991) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532174 · Cited by 8,263
Koyak, R. A., Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1991) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290538 · Cited by 7,717
Kupper, L. L., Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. A. (1990) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290035 · Cited by 7,690
Statistical Methods in Cancer Research
Breslow, N. E. (1980) · Cited by 7,332
Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume I - The analysis of case-control studies.
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 4,895
The analysis of case-control studies
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980) · International Agency for Research on Cancer eBooks · Cited by 2,415
THE IMPACT OF CONFOUNDER SELECTION CRITERIA ON EFFECT ESTIMATION
Mickey, R. M., & Greenland, S. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101 · Cited by 2,382
RE:“;THE IMPACT OF CONFOUNDER SELECTION CRITERIA ON EFFECT ESTIMATION”
Greenland, S., & Mickey, R. M. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115409 · Cited by 2,114
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Draper D. Assessment and propagation of model uncertainty (with discussion). J R Stat Soc, Ser B 1995;57:45-97.
- Elswick RK Jr, Schwartz PF, Welsh JA. Interpretation of the odds ratio from logistic regression after a transformation of the covariate vector. Stat Med 1997;16:1695-703.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,000
Franco, A. O., Davies, C. R., Mylne, A., Dedet, J.-P., Gállego, M., Ballart, C., GRAMICCIA, M., Gradoni, L., Molina, R., Gálvez, R., et al. (2011) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s003118201100148x · Cited by 97
Yé, Y., Louis, V. R., Simboro, S., & Sauerborn, R. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-101 · Cited by 98
Hippisley-Cox, J., & Coupland, C. (2014) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.g4606 · Cited by 96
Phan, H., Reeves, M. J., Blizzard, C. L., Thrift, A. G., Cadilhac, D. A.-M., Sturm, J. W., Otáhal, P., Rothwell, P. M., Béjot, Y., Cabral, N. L., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010235 · Cited by 95
Williams, M. D., Harris, R., Dayan, C. M., Evans, J., Gallacher, J., & Ben‐Shlomo, Y. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03352.x · Cited by 94
Boehne, M., Sasse, M., Karch, A., Dziuba, F., Horke, A., Kaussen, T., Mikolajczyk, R., Beerbaum, P., & Jack, T. (2016) · Journal of Cardiac Surgery · doi:10.1111/jocs.12879 · Cited by 94
CHERPITEL, C. J. S., Ye, Y., Bond, J. C., Borges, G. L. G., & Monteiro, M. G. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12755 · Cited by 93
Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the Differential Diagnosis of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Katsanos, A. H., Makris, K., Stefani, D., Koniari, K., Gialouri, E., Lelekis, M., Chondrogianni, M. E., Zompola, C., Dardiotis, E., Rizos, I. K., et al. (2017) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.018409 · Cited by 93
Popowski, T., Goffinet, F., Maillard, F., Schmitz, T., Leroy, S., & Kayem, G. (2011) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-26 · Cited by 93
Ittermann, T., Thamm, M., Wallaschofski, H., Rettig, R., & Völzke, H. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2768 · Cited by 92
Abu‐Assi, E., López-López, A., Salvado, V. G., Diéguez, A. R., Peña, C., Bouzas‐Cruz, N., Raposeiras‐Roubín, S., Abumuaileq, R. R.-Y., García‐Acuña, J. M., & González‐Juanatey, J. R. (2015) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2015.06.016 · Cited by 92
Good Practices for Observational Studies of Maternal Weight and Weight Gain in Pregnancy
Hutcheon, J. A., & Bodnar, L. M. (2018) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12439 · Cited by 93
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2011) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp11x606627 · Cited by 92
Jones‐López, E. C., Ayakaka, I., Levin, J. B., Reilly, N., Mumbowa, F., Dryden‐Peterson, S., Nyakoojo, G., Fennelly, K. P., Temple, B., Nakubulwa, S. K., et al. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000427 · Cited by 91
Jong, J. C. K., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Uitterlinden, A. G., Steegers, E. A. P., Willemsen, S. P., Albert Hofman, D., Hooijkaas, H., & Moll, H. A. (2013) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.003 · Cited by 91
Naranbhai, V., Kim, S., Fletcher, H. A., Cotton, M. F., Violari, A., Mitchell, C. D., Nachman, S., McSherry, G., McShane, H., Hill, A. V. S., et al. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0120-7 · Cited by 91
Vinogradova, Y., Dening, T., Hippisley-Cox, J., Taylor, L., Moore, M., & Coupland, C. (2021) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.n2182 · Cited by 83
Carbohydrate antigen 125: an emerging prognostic risk factor in acute heart failure?
Núñez, J. E., Núñez, E., Consuegra, L., Sanchis, J., Bodı́, V., Martínez-Brotons, Á. M., Bertomeu‐González, V., Robles, R., Bosch, M. J., Fácila, L., et al. (2006) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.096016 · Cited by 90
Population-Based Estimates of In-Unit Survival for Very Preterm Infants
Manktelow, B. N., Seaton, S. E., Field, D. J., & Draper, E. S. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2189 · Cited by 90
Mother’s educational level and fetal growth: the genesis of health inequalities
Silva, L. M., Jansen, P. W., Steegers, E. A. P., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Arends, L. R., Tiemeier, H. W., Verhulst, F. C., Moll, H. A., Albert Hofman, D., Mackenbach, J. P., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq069 · Cited by 88
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j4208 · Cited by 86
Ssali, F. N., Stöhr, W., Munderi, P., Reid, A., Walker, A. S., Gibb, D. M., Mugyenyi, P. N., Kityo, C. M., Grosskurth, H., Hakim, J. G., et al. (2006) · Antiviral Therapy · doi:10.1177/135965350601100612 · Cited by 87
Schmidt, M. E., Steindorf, K., Mutschelknauss, E. J., Slanger, T. E., Kropp, S., Obi, N., Flesch‐Janys, D., & Chang-Claude, J. C. (2008) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0479 · Cited by 88
Estimating neonatal length of stay for babies born very preterm
Seaton, S. E., Barker, L. T., Draper, E. S., Abrams, K. R., Modi, N., & Manktelow, B. N. (2018) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2017-314405 · Cited by 87
Siméon, S., Moing, V. L., Tubiana, S., Duval, X., Fournier, P., Lavigne, J., Erpelding, M., Gustave, C.-A., Desage, S., Chirouze, C., et al. (2018) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2018.07.015 · Cited by 86
Arnedo, M., Taffé, P., Sahli, R., Furrer, H., Hirschel, B. J., Elzi, L., Weber, R. K., Vernazza, P., Bernasconi, E., Darioli, R., et al. (2007) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/fpc.0b013e32814db8b7 · Cited by 86
Kinyanda, E., Kizza, R. B., Abbo, C., Ndyanabangi, S., & Levin, J. B. (2013) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/1472-698x-13-19 · Cited by 86
Levallet, G., Bergot, E., Antoine, M., Créveuil, C., Santos, A. O., Beau-Faller, M., de Fraipont, F., Brambilla, E. M., Levallet, J., Morin, F., et al. (2012) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0899 · Cited by 86
Effects of Shigella-, Campylobacter- and ETEC-associated Diarrhea on Childhood Growth
Lee, G. O., Olórtegui, M. P., Yori, P. P., Black, R. E., Caulfield, L. E., Chávez, C. B., Hall, E., Pan, W., Meza, R. A., & Kosek, M. N. (2014) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000000351 · Cited by 86
Gaillard, R., Eilers, P., Yassine, S., Hofman, A., Steegers, E., & Jaddoe, V. (2014) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12112 · Cited by 76
Smoothing in occupational cohort studies: an illustration based on penalised splines
Eisen, E. A., Agalliu, I., Thurston, S. W., Coull, B. A., & Checkoway, H. (2004) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2004.013136 · Cited by 85
Estimation of an age-specific reference interval for pulse wave velocity: a meta-analysis
Khoshdel, A., Thakkinstian, A., Carney, S. L., & Attia, J. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000234098.85497.31 · Cited by 85
Introduction to the Use of Regression Models in Epidemiology
Bender, R. (2008) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-416-2_9 · Cited by 84
Brasme, J., Chalumeau, M., Oberlin, O., Valteau‐Couanet, D., & Gaspar, N. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2013.53.8058 · Cited by 84
Schmidt, M. E., Chang-Claude, J. C., Vrieling, A., Seibold, P., Heinz, J., Obi, N., Flesch‐Janys, D., & Steindorf, K. (2013) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.28130 · Cited by 88
Macias, C. A., Rosengart, M. R., Puyana, J. C., Linde‐Zwirble, W. T., Smith, W., Peitzman, A. B., & Angus, D. C. (2008) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e31818a1505 · Cited by 85
Major dietary patterns and blood pressure patterns during pregnancy: the Generation R Study
Timmermans, S., Steegers‐Theunissen, R. P. M., Vujković, M., Bakker, R., den Breeijen, H., Raat, H., Russcher, H., Lindemans, J. W., Albert Hofman, D., Jaddoe, V. W. V., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.05.013 · Cited by 88
Pullenayegum, E., & Lim, L. S. H. (2014) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280214536537 · Cited by 82
Mortality in Canadian Trauma Systems
Moore, L., Evans, D., Hameed, S. M., Yanchar, N. L., Stelfox, H. T., Simons, R., Kortbeek, J. B., Bourgeois, G., Clément, J., Lauzier, F., et al. (2016) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000001614 · Cited by 83
López‐Ayala, P., Riley, R. D., Collins, P. G. S., & Zimmermann, T. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-082440 · Cited by 99
Prediction of Adult Height in Growth-Hormone-Treated Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency
de Ridder, M. A. J., Stijnen, T., & Hokken‐Koelega, A. C. S. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1259 · Cited by 83
Placental Vascular Dysfunction, Fetal and Childhood Growth, and Cardiovascular Development
Gaillard, R., Steegers, E. A. P., Tiemeier, H. W., Albert Hofman, D., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.003881 · Cited by 83
Rémen, T., Pintos, J., Abrahamowicz, M., & Siemiatycki, J. (2018) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-018-5144-5 · Cited by 82
Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of Malaria Infection Intensity and Mild Disease
Timmann, C., Evans, J. A., König, I. R., Kleensang, A., Rüschendorf, F., Lenzen, J., Sievertsen, J., Becker, C., Enuameh, Y., Osei-Kwakye, K., et al. (2007) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030048 · Cited by 82
Using fractional polynomials to model non‐linear trends in longitudinal data
Long, J. D., & Ryoo, J. H. (2009) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711009x431509 · Cited by 82
Gametocytaemia after Drug Treatment of Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum
Dunyo, S. K., Milligan, P. J., Edwards, T., Sutherland, C. J., Targett, G. A. T., & Pinder, M. (2006) · PLoS Clinical Trials · doi:10.1371/journal.pctr.0010020 · Cited by 82
Associations between Beer, Wine, and Liquor Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis
Chao, C. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0386 · Cited by 81
Risk factors for Thoroughbred racehorse fatality in flat starts in Victoria, Australia (1989–2004)
Boden, L., Anderson, G. A., CHARLES, J., Morgan, K. L., Morton, J. M., Parkin, T. D. H., CLARKE, A. F., & Slocombe, R. F. (2007) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.2746/042516407x183162 · Cited by 82
O'Connor, A. M. C., Sargeant, J. M., Dohoo, I. R., Erb, H. N., Cevallos, M., Egger, M., Ersbøll, A. K., Martin, S. W., Nielsen, L. R., Pearl, D. L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.14592 · Cited by 93
Hanlon, P., Jani, B., Nicholl, B. I., Lewsey, J., McAllister, D., & Mair, F. S. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003931 · Cited by 81
Stull, C. L., Messam, L. L. M., Collar, C. A., Peterson, N. G., Castillo, A. R., Reed, B., Andersen, K. L., & VerBoort, W. R. (2008) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1215 · Cited by 81
Holtfreter, B., Empen, K., Gläser, S., Lorbeer, R., Völzke, H., Ewert, R., Kocher, T., & Dörr, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084603 · Cited by 79
Is Surgery Always Mandatory for Type A Aortic Dissection?
Centofanti, P., Flocco, R., Ceresa, F., Attisani, M., Torre, M. L., Weltert, L. P., & Calafiore, A. M. (2006) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.05.065 · Cited by 79
Kamacooko, O., Kitonsa, J., Bahemuka, U. M., Kibengo, F., Wajja, A., Basajja, V., Lumala, A., Kakande, A., Kafeero, P., Ssemwanga, E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137004 · Cited by 87
Liao, W., Coupland, C. A. C., Burchardt, J., Baldwin, D., Gleeson, F. V., Baldwin, D., Batchkala, G., Buchanan, J., Burchardt, J., Chakraborty, R., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00050-4 · Cited by 80
Hypomagnesemia and the Risk of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus after Kidney Transplantation
Huang, J. W., Famure, O., Li, Y., & Kim, S. J. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2015040391 · Cited by 78
Multivariable fractional polynomial method for regression model
Zhang, Z. (2016) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2016.05.01 · Cited by 77
Performance of routine risk scores for predicting cirrhosis-related morbidity in the community
Innes, H. A., Morling, J. R., Buch, S., Hamill, V., Stickel, F., & Guha, I. N. (2022) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.02.022 · Cited by 78
Factors Related to Helicobacter pylori Prevalence in an Adult Population in Brazil
Zaterka, S., Eisig, J. N., Chinzon, D., & Rothstein, W. (2007) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00474.x · Cited by 77
Hwang, Y., Fujimoto, W. Y., Hayashi, T., Kahn, S. E., Leonetti, D. L., & Boyko, E. J. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3246 · Cited by 79
de Dassel, J. L., de Klerk, N. H., Carapetis, J. R., & Ralph, A. P. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010223 · Cited by 77
Time-varying individual risk attitudes over the Great Recession: A comparison of Germany and Ukraine
Dohmen, T., Lehmann, H. F., & Pignatti, N. (2015) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2015.10.002 · Cited by 77
Mazzarella, L., Disalvatore, D., Bagnardi, V., Rotmensz, N., Galbiati, D., Caputo, S., Curigliano, G., & Pelicci, P. G. (2013) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.016 · Cited by 76
Nair, M., Churchill, D. N., Robinson, S. E., Nelson‐Piercy, C., Stanworth, S. J., & Knight, M. (2017) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.14961 · Cited by 76
Rossi, J. S., Flaherty, J. D., Fonarow, G. C., Núñez, E., Stough, W. G., Abraham, W. T., Albert, N. M., Greenberg, B., O’Connor, C. M., Yancy, C. W., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.09.009 · Cited by 75
Determinants of revision and functional outcome following unicompartmental knee replacement
Liddle, A. D., Judge, A., Pandit, H. G., & Murray, D. W. (2014) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.006 · Cited by 75
Serum Enterolactone and Prognosis of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer
Buck, K., Vrieling, A., Zaineddin, A. K., Becker, S., Hüsing, A., Kaaks, R., Linseisen, J., Flesch‐Janys, D., & Chang-Claude, J. C. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2011.34.6478 · Cited by 75
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d8009 · Cited by 73
Treatment outcome after failure of a first antiepileptic drug
Bonnett, L. J., Smith, C. T., Donegan, S., & Marson, A. G. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000673 · Cited by 74
Alexander, M., Perera, G., Ford, L., Arrighi, H. M., Foskett, N., Debove, C., Novak, G., & Gordon, M. F. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150168 · Cited by 73
Heller, D. A., Ahern, F. M., Pringle, K. E., & Brown, T. V. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.05.009 · Cited by 73
Biased odds ratios from dichotomization of age
Chen, H., Cohen, P. R., & Chen, S. (2006) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2737 · Cited by 72
Buck, K., Zaineddin, A. K., Vrieling, A., Heinz, J., Linseisen, J., Flesch‐Janys, D., & Chang-Claude, J. C. (2011) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.374 · Cited by 73
Hermans, P. G., & Morgan, K. L. (2007) · Avian Pathology · doi:10.1080/03079450601109991 · Cited by 72
Subjective and Objective Screening Tests for Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity
Cukras, C. A., Huynh, N., Vitale, S., Wong, W. T., Ferris, F. L., & Sieving, P. A. (2014) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.056 · Cited by 72
Nielsen, N. O., Strøm, M., Boyd, H. A., Andersen, E. W., Wohlfahrt, J., Lundqvist, M., Cohen, A. S., HOUGAARD, D. M., & Melbye, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080686 · Cited by 72
Rees, F., Doherty, M., Lanyon, P., Davenport, G., Riley, R. D., Zhang, W., & Grainge, M. J. (2016) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.23021 · Cited by 76
Rübsamen, N., Akmatov, M. K., Castell, S., Karch, A., & Mikolajczyk, R. (2017) · Emerging Themes in Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s12982-017-0058-2 · Cited by 72
Pucciarelli, S., Rampazzo, E., Briarava, M., Maretto, I., Agostini, M., Digito, M., Keppel, S., Friso, M. L., Lonardi, S., Paoli, A. D., et al. (2012) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2272-z · Cited by 70
The association of 6-minute walk performance and outcomes in stable outpatients with heart failure
Curtis, J. P., RATHORE, S., WANG, Y., & KRUMHOLZ, H. (2004) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2003.08.010 · Cited by 71
Factors associated with attrition in a longitudinal online study: results from the HaBIDS panel
Rübsamen, N., Akmatov, M. K., Castell, S., Karch, A., & Mikolajczyk, R. (2017) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-017-0408-3 · Cited by 70
Jaddoe, V. W. V., de Ridder, M. A. J., van den Elzen, A. P. M., Albert Hofman, D., Uiterwaal, C. S. P. M., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2007) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.032 · Cited by 71
Healthy lifestyle behaviors and control of hypertension among adult hypertensive patients
Akbarpour, S., Khalili, D., Zeraati, H., Mansournia, M. A., Ramezankhani, A., & Fotouhi, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26823-5 · Cited by 74
Modeling Training Loads and Injuries: The Dangers of Discretization
Carey, D. L., Crossley, K. M., Whiteley, R. J., Mosler, A., Ong, K., Crow, J. F., & Morris, M. E. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001685 · Cited by 69
Abu‐Assi, E., López-López, A., Salvado, V. G., Diéguez, A. R., Peña, C., Bouzas‐Cruz, N., Raposeiras‐Roubín, S., Abumuaileq, R. R.-Y., García‐Acuña, J. M., & González‐Juanatey, J. R. (2015) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2015.06.015 · Cited by 69
Bonnett, L., Smith, C. T., Smith, D., Williamson, P., Chadwick, D., & Marson, A. G. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70018-2 · Cited by 69
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2010) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.199034 · Cited by 68
Hagström, H., Hemmingsson, T., Discacciati, A., & Andréasson, A. (2018) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.019 · Cited by 71
119, P. A. L. O. P. (2003) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02325.x · Cited by 69
Sciberras, E., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Efron, D. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9504-8 · Cited by 68
Blood Pressure and the Survival of Renal Allografts from Living Donors
Mange, K. C., Feldman, H. I., Joffe, M. M., Fa, K., & Bloom, R. D. (2004) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000104574.04006.08 · Cited by 67
Kuczmarski, M. F., Mason, M. A., Allegro, D., Zonderman, A. B., & Evans, M. K. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.004 · Cited by 66
Renal Function Trajectories and Clinical Outcomes in Acute Heart Failure
Givertz, M. M., Postmus, D., Hillege, H. L., Mansoor, G. A., Massie, B. M., Davison, B. A., Ponikowski, P. P., Metra, M., Teerlink, J. R., Cleland, J. G. F., et al. (2013) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.113.000556 · Cited by 66
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j2497 · Cited by 67
Hutcheon, J. A., Moskosky, S. B., Ananth, C. V., Basso, O., Briss, P. A., Ferré, C. D., Frederiksen, B. N., Harper, S. B., Hernández–Dı́az, S., Hirai, A. H., et al. (2018) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12512 · Cited by 65
Hippisley-Cox, J., & Coupland, C. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h5441 · Cited by 63
Risk factors for Thoroughbred racehorse fatality in jump starts in Victoria, Australia (1989–2004)
Boden, L., Anderson, G. A., CHARLES, J., Morgan, K. L., Morton, J. M., Parkin, T. D. H., CLARKE, A. F., & Slocombe, R. F. (2007) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.2746/042516407x183757 · Cited by 65
Shepherd, B. E., Rebeiro, P. F., & the Caribbean, C. A. S. A. N. F. H. E. (2016) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000001221 · Cited by 64
Statistical Validation of the Revised Trauma Score
Moore, L., Lavoie, A., LeSage, N., Abdous, B., Bergeron, É., Liberman, M., & Émond, M. (2006) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000200840.89685.b0 · Cited by 64
Chauvenet, M., Cottet, V., Lepage, C., Jooste, V., Faivre, J., & Bouvier, A. (2011) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-282 · Cited by 64
Metadata
- Authors
- Royston, P., Ambler, G., & Sauerbrei, W.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-10-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 964-974
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2105087430
- Cited by
- 1,066
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 8.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- fractional polynomials, risk transformation, risk curves, confounding variables, nonparametric regression, British civil servants
- MeSH terms
- Coronary Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Epidemiologic Methods, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Models, Cardiovascular, Mortality, Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Linear Models, Odds Ratio, Risk Assessment, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
