The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neighbourhood deprivation and health: does it affect us all equally?
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) may affect rich and poor residents differentially. Two models are proposed. Model 1: living in a non-deprived neighbourhood is better for health because better collective material and social resources are available. Model 2: being poor (rich) relative to the neighbourhood average is associated with worse (better) health because of the discrepancy between an individual's situation and those around them. METHODS: Individual data from the Whitehall II study covering health, SES, and perceived status were linked to census data on neighbourhood deprivation. RESULTS: Both individual and neighbourhood deprivation increased the risk of poor general and mental health. There was a suggestion that the effect of living in a deprived area was more marked for poorer individuals, although interactions were not statistically significant. Poor people in poor neighbourhoods reported more financial and neighbourhood problems and rated themselves lowest on the ladder of society. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that personal poverty combined with affluent neighbourhood had negative health consequences. Rather, living in a deprived neighbourhood may have the most negative health effects on poorer individuals, possibly because they are more dependent on collective resources in the neighbourhood.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sen, A. (2009) · Rugman Reviews · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_94 · Cited by 15,837
(2006) · Technometrics · doi:10.1198/tech.2006.s417 · Cited by 4,950
Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study
Marmot, M. G., Stansfeld, S., Patel, C., North, F., Head, J., White, I., Brunner, E., Feeney, A., Marmot, M. G., & Smith, G. D. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93068-k · Cited by 3,608
Self-citationPickett, K. E., & Pearl, M. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.2.111 · Cited by 2,187
Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease
Roux, A. V. D., Merkin, S. S., Arnett, D., Chambless, L., Massing, M., Nieto, F. J., Sorlie, P., Szklo, M., Tyroler, H. A., & Watson, R. L. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200107123450205 · Cited by 1,799
Income distribution and life expectancy.
Wilkinson, R. G. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6820.165 · Cited by 1,187
The age of extremes: Concentrated affluence and poverty in the twenty-first century
Massey, D. S. (1996) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061773 · Cited by 820
Neighborhood Environments and Coronary Heart Disease: A Multilevel Analysis
Diez-Roux, A. V., Nieto, F. J., Muntaner, C., Tyroler, H. A., Comstock, G. W., Shahar, E., Cooper, L. S., Watson, R. L., & Szklo, M. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009191 · Cited by 744
POVERTY AND HEALTH PROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE FROM THE ALAMEDA COUNTY STUDY
HAAN, M., KAPLAN, G. A., & CAMACHO, T. (1987) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114637 · Cited by 707
Context, composition and heterogeneity: using multilevel models in health research
Duncan, C., Jones, K., & Moon, G. (1998) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00148-2 · Cited by 689
Cited by
Murray, C. J. L., Kulkarni, S. C., Michaud, C., Tomijima, N., Bulzacchelli, M. T., Iandiorio, T. J., & Ezzati, M. (2006) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030260 · Cited by 762
Riva, M., Gauvin, L., & Barnett, T. A. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.050740 · Cited by 334
Locality deprivation and Type 2 diabetes incidence: A local test of relative inequalities
Cox, M., Boyle, P. J., Davey, P. G., Feng, Z., & Morris, A. D. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.043 · Cited by 106
Hoffmann, S., Tschorn, M., Michalski, N., Hoebel, J., Förstner, B. R., Rapp, M. A., & Spallek, J. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102794 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Stafford, M., & Marmot, M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 357-366
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2136525626
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 34
- FWCI
- 14.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Neighbourhood deprivation and health: does it affect us all equally? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/ije/dyg084
- The paper
- Stafford, M., & Marmot, M. (2003). Neighbourhood deprivation and health: does it affect us all equally? International Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg084
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.