Cited by 838Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsDelphi Technique in ResearchStatistical Methods in Epidemiology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Predicting the extent of heterogeneity in meta-analysis, using empirical data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Open access

Turner, Rebecca M, Davey, Jonathan, Clarke, Mike J, Thompson, Simon G, Higgins, Julian PT·2012·International Journal of Epidemiology

DOI 10.1093/ije/dys041PMC PMC3396310

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Many meta-analyses contain only a small number of studies, which makes it difficult to estimate the extent of between-study heterogeneity. Bayesian meta-analysis allows incorporation of external evidence on heterogeneity, and offers advantages over conventional random-effects meta-analysis. To assist in this, we provide empirical evidence on the likely extent of heterogeneity in particular areas of health care. METHODS: Our analyses included 14 886 meta-analyses from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. We classified each meta-analysis according to the type of outcome, type of intervention comparison and medical specialty. By modelling the study data from all meta-analyses simultaneously, using the log odds ratio scale, we investigated the impact of meta-analysis characteristics on the underlying between-study heterogeneity variance. Predictive distributions were obtained for the heterogeneity expected in future meta-analyses. RESULTS: Between-study heterogeneity variances for meta-analyses in which the outcome was all-cause mortality were found to be on average 17% (95% CI 10-26) of variances for other outcomes. In meta-analyses comparing two active pharmacological interventions, heterogeneity was on average 75% (95% CI 58-95) of variances for non-pharmacological interventions. Meta-analysis size was found to have only a small effect on heterogeneity. Predictive distributions are presented for nine different settings, defined by type of outcome and type of intervention comparison. For example, for a planned meta-analysis comparing a pharmacological intervention against placebo or control with a subjectively measured outcome, the predictive distribution for heterogeneity is a log-normal (-2.13, 1.58(2)) distribution, which has a median value of 0.12. In an example of meta-analysis of six studies, incorporating external evidence led to a smaller heterogeneity estimate and a narrower confidence interval for the combined intervention effect. CONCLUSIONS: Meta-analysis characteristics were strongly associated with the degree of between-study heterogeneity, and predictive distributions for heterogeneity differed substantially across settings. The informative priors provided will be very beneficial in future meta-analyses including few studies.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ije/dys041

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figure 1 Distribution of non-zero estimates for between-study heterogeneity variance (), plotted on log scaleCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Figure 2 Predictive distributions for heterogeneity variance (plotted on log scale) in: (a) pharmacological vs placebo/control meta-analysis measuring all-cause mortality; (b) non-pharmacological meta-analysis measuring a subjective outcomeCC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Figure 3 Conventional random-effects meta-analysis combining results from six studies on the effectiveness of granulocyte (white blood cell) transfusions for prevention of mortality in patients with neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction16CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Self-citation
WinBUGS - A Bayesian modelling framework: Concepts, structure, and extensibility
Lunn, D. J., Thomas, A., Best, N., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2000) · Statistics and Computing · doi:10.1023/a:1008929526011 · Cited by 5,397
Assessing Risk of Bias in Included Studies
Higgins, J. P., & Altman, D. G. (2008) · Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions · doi:10.1002/9780470712184.ch8 · Cited by 3,396
Self-citation
A Re-Evaluation of Random-Effects Meta-Analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2009) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2008.00552.x · Cited by 2,569
Self-citation
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
Howes, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hong, B., & Lindson, N. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub5 · Cited by 1,352
The Interpretation of Random-Effects Meta-Analysis in Decision Models
Ades, A. E., Lu, G., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2005) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x05282643 · Cited by 862
Self-citation
Bayesian methods in meta-analysis and evidence synthesis
Sutton, A. J., & Abrams, K. R. (2001) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228020101000404 · Cited by 734
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
Hughes, J., Stead, L., & Lancaster, T. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031 · Cited by 683
Bayesian approaches to random-effects meta-analysis: a comparative study
Smith, T. C., Spiegelhalter, D. J., & Thomas, A. (1995) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780142408 · Cited by 568

Show all 24 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Wood, 2006, The Epidemiology of Bias in Randomized (clinical) Controlled Trials: a Meta-epidemiological Study
Foundation for Health Services Research, Health Outcomes Research: A Primer

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 838

Effectiveness and acceptability of exercise treatments for adults with anxiety disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Lei, E., Wan, K.-W., Dai, Z.-H., & Tam, B. T. (2026) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002781 · Cited by 2
Comparative efficacy of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions in children with functional abdominal pain disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Yang, Y., Li, Y., Yan, X., Huang, W., Cao, C., Yan, H., & Leng, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1764837 · Cited by 2
Efficacy of Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Hypertensive Population: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Jiang, Y., Hu, J., Yi, X., Li, Q., & Yang, S. (2026) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-026-02302-4 · Cited by 2
Management of Ogilvie’s Syndrome: A Network Meta-Analysis
Ioannidis, O., Chatzakis, C., Mitrogiannis, I., Anestiadou, Ε., Brenta, A., Symeonidis, S., Bitsianis, S., Kotidis, E. V., Pramateftakis, M. G., Mantzoros, I., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15083177 · Cited by 1
Prophylactic Central Lymph Node Dissection Versus Thyroidectomy Alone in Clinically Node-Negative Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhou, X., & Jiang, J. (2026) · Ear Nose & Throat Journal · doi:10.1177/01455613261451138 · Cited by 1
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Speech-Language Therapy for Post-Stroke Aphasia Recovery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Lin, J., Bao, Y., Fang, M., & Zhang, H. (2026) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s597978 · Cited by 1
Acupuncture-Related Interventions for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Liu, X., Ren, L., Xu, W., Huang, W., & Wang, R. (2026) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s612867 · Cited by 1
From Five‐Number Summary to Absolute Heterogeneity: Recent Methodological Advances in Meta‐Analysis With Continuous Outcomes
Yang, K., Shi, J., Pan, J., Liu, J., Lü, A., & Tong, T. (2026) · Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1111/jebm.70158 · Cited by 1
Comparative effectiveness of various exercise modalities on arterial stiffness and endothelial function in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Wen, H., Liu, Y., Huang, W., Ma, Z., & Zhao, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1815768 · Cited by 1
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for rheumatoid arthritis after failure of biologic or targeted synthetic therapy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Thomas, J., Kamso, M. M., Whittle, S., Wells, G. A., Kelly, S., Pardo, J. P., Tugwell, P., Johnston, R. V., Glennon, V., Ejaredar, M., et al. (2026) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013562.pub2 · Cited by 1
IV Thrombolysis in the Extended Time Window for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Palaiodimou, L., Papageorgiou, N. M., Romoli, M., Theodorou, A., Stefanou, M., Lemmens, R., Sarraj, A., Alexandrov, A. V., Turc, G., Fischer, U., et al. (2026) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000218294 · Cited by 1
One-step individual participant data network meta-analysis of time-to-event data
Freeman, S. C. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for progressive multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis
Ridley, B., Minozzi, S., González‐Lorenzo, M., Giovane, C. D., Filippini, G., Peryer, G., Foschi, M., Tramacere, I., Baldin, E., & Nonino, F. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015443 · Cited by 1
Assessment of Repeat Revascularization in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trials as a Surrogate for Mortality: A Meta-Regression Analysis
Khan, S. U., Lone, A. N., Akbar, U. A., Arshad, H. B., Arshad, A., Arora, S., Kaluski, E., Aoun, J., Goel, S. S., Shah, A. R., et al. (2022) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101555 · Cited by 1
Comparative effectiveness of different exercise interventions for elderly patients with hip fracture: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis protocol of randomized controlled trials
Pan, R.-J., Gui, S., Wang, T., Fang, N., Wang, A.-Y., Liu, C.-J., Li, Z.-L., Peng, D., & Zeng, G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288473 · Cited by 1
Pharmacological treatments for adults with overweight and obesity without diabetes
Shang, W., Xu, H., Li, M., Ren, J., Huang, X., Li, J., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Ma, Y., Eva Madrid, A., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015861 · Cited by 5
Psychological interventions for early-phase schizophrenia: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Feber, L., Salanti, G., Harrer, M., Salahuddin, N. H., Hansen, W., Priller, J., Bighelli, I., & Leucht, S. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.152191.1
Sexual dysfunction and other prolactin-related side effects of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: Protocol for a systematic review with single-arm, pairwise, and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies
Schneider‐Thoma, J., Dong, S., Kim, D. D., Efthimiou, O., Hansen, W., Hansen, W. P., Scheuring, E., Möhrmann, K. H., & Leucht, S. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.154742.1 · Cited by 3
Topical Nasal Steroids for Allergic Rhinitis in Children. Is One Better Than the Others? Protocol for a Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.
Ortiz, S. O., Veroniki, A.-A., Villatoro-Rodríguez, S. N., de Gracia, S. G., Mercado-Lara, M. F., Yepes-Núñez, J. J., & Flórez, I. D. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.146684.1
Assessing the relative efficacy of components of opioid-free anaesthesia in adult surgical patients: protocol for a systematic review and component network meta-analysis
Belltall, A., Mazzinari, G., Eochagáin, A. N., Wall, T., Neto, A. S., Díaz‐Cambronero, Ó., Sessler, D. I., Buggy, D. J., Cata, J. P., & Hollmann, M. W. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089024 · Cited by 1
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on maternal and neonatal outcomes
Yu, L., Sun, Y., Shang, Y., & Yin, M. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000015283 · Cited by 1
Effectiveness and safety of 3 different traditional Chinese therapies for asthma in minors
Yan, S., Yu, T., Li, F. S., Huang, Y., & Wang, M. H. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000023021 · Cited by 1
Treatment for bleeding oesophageal varices in people with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta-analysis
Roberts, D. A., Tsochatzis, E. A., & Gurusamy, K. S. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013155 · Cited by 1
Secondary prevention of bleeding in people with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta-analysis
Gurusamy, K. S., & Tsochatzis, E. A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013122 · Cited by 1
How Does Early, Midday, and Late Time-Restricted Eating Impact Anthropometry and Cardiometabolic Health? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of RCTsPreprint
Hamsho, M., Shkorfu, W., Terzi, M., Ranneh, Y., Varady, K. A., & Fadel, A. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.26345140 · Cited by 1
Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Solo, K. (2017) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Label-invariant models for the analysis of meta-epidemiological dataPreprint
Rhodes, K. M., Mawdsley, D., Turner, R., Jones, H. E., Savović, J., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.17863/cam.21981
Self-citation
Long-term efficacy of psychotherapy in major depression: protocol of a network meta-analysis
Vieira, P. M., & Cunha, C. A. C. (2019) · The Psychologist Practice & Research Journal · doi:10.33525/pprj.v2i1.35
Subgroup identification in individual patient data meta-analysis using model-based recursive partitioningPreprint
Huber, C., Benda, N., & Friede, T. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.10518
Peto odds ratios demonstrate no advantage over classic odds ratios in meta-analysis of binary rare outcomesPreprint
Xu, C., Furuya‐Kanamori, L., Lin, L., & Doi, S. A. R. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.20212290
Meta-analysis in Clinical and Life Science Research
Basavarajaiah, D. M., & Murthy, B. N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8210-3_9
An Application of Finite Mixture Modeling to Characterize Sources of Between-Study Variation in Meta-Analyses of Prevention Program Effects
Parr, N. J. (2020) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon)
Effectiveness and safety of different medicines for Uremia pruritus
Yan, S., Yu, T., Li, F., Huang, Y., Lu, X., Li, H., & Wang, M. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000023043
Bayesian methods for borrowing information in clinical drug development
Günhan, B. K. (2020) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8220
Making the most of a few small population clinical trials
Pateras, K. (2020) · doi:10.33540/53 · Cited by 1
Comparison of Emergency Resection, Self-Expanding Metallic Stents and Decompressing Stoma for Left-Sided Obstructive Colon Cancer: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Network Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Hu, Q., Wang, Q., Tan, S., Huang, Q., Wang, X., & Gou, H. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-489038/v1
Treatment for hyperkalaemia in heart failure: a network meta-analysis
Chong, N. J., Yamamoto, S., & Wong, R. C.-C. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014770
Doppler Ultrasound Parameters in Children After Liver Transplantation
Ruiz, M. M. (2020) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-y7yz-0j91
Efectividad del ejercicio físico en pacientes con prediabetes sobre el control glucémico: Protocolo para una revisión sistemática
Bermúdez, H., & Carolina, I. (2021)
Exploring methodological challenges in network meta-analysis models and developing methodology for outlier detection
Πετροπούλου, Μ. (2020) · doi:10.12681/eadd/48001
Multivariate meta-analysis of multiple outcomes: characteristics and predictors of borrowing of strength from Cochrane reviewsPreprint
Hattle, M., Burke, D. L., Trikalinos, T. A., Schmid, C. H., Chen, Y., Jackson, D., & Riley, R. D. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-916711/v1
References
Dias, S., Ades, A. E., Welton, N. J., Jansen, J. P., & Sutton, A. J. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118951651.refs
References
Riley, R. D., Tierney, J. F., & Stewart, L. A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119333784.refs2
References
Riley, R. D., Tierney, J. F., & Stewart, L. A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119333784.refs4
Stereotactic body radiation therapy versus more fractionated radical radiotherapy for adults with stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Zhao, Y., Feng, H., Tian, J., Li, B., Wang, C., Ge, L., Feng, S.-F., & Yu, Q. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014744
Network Meta‐Analysis
Salanti, G., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2022) · Systematic Reviews in Health Research · doi:10.1002/9781119099369.ch13
Self-citation
Performance of several types of beta-binomial models in comparison to standard approaches for meta-analyses with very few studiesPreprint
Felsch, M., Beckmann, L., Bender, R., Kuß, O., Skipka, G., & Mathes, T. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1712108/v1
Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability of Nutraceuticals for Depressive Disorder: A Systemic Review and Network Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Cheng, Y., Huang, W., Chen, W., Kuo, P., & Tu, Y. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4147533
Cariprazine (Vraylar)
CADTH (2022) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.2022.466
Estimating the sample size of sham-controlled randomized controlled trials using existing evidence
Siontis, G. C. M., Nikolakopoulou, A., Sweda, R., Mavridis, D., & Salanti, G. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.108554.2
Optimum duration of extended adjuvant endocrine therapy in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: protocol for a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Hu, Q., Ye, D., Xudong, Z., Wang, Q., Gou, H., & Luo, T. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070972
Assessing evidence and uncertainty
Pittelkow, M.-M. (2023) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.762945985
Geriatric impairments, medication and interventions in older persons
Dautzenberg, L. (2023) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/2087
Methylxanthine for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
Kinoshita, M., Giovane, C. D., Mitra, S., Hall, R., Soll, R. F., & Bruschettini, M. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015058
Covid-19 Clinical Outcomes and N-Acetylcysteine (Covinac Study): A Grade Compliant Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Molecular Docking, and Dynamics Simulations with Mpro of Sars-Cov-2Preprint
Varikasuvu, S. R., Kumar, S., Manne, M., Lisa, M., Varshney, S., Gupta, P., Grover, A., Lal, V., Singh, H., Mudgal, S. K., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4679821
The Effect of Concurrent Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Training of the Upper Limb in Stroke Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Azarnia, S., Ezatti, K., Naghdi, S., Abdollahi, I., Shanbehzadeh, S., Baharloueii, H., & Jaberzadeh, S. (2023) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.32598/irj.21.4.1902.1
Transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade ao longo do desenvolvimento: epidemiologia, etiologia e terapêutica
Farhat, L. C. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2023.tde-29022024-120617
Hypothesis testing and trial design in network meta-analysis with applications in animal health
Hu, D. (2021) · doi:10.31274/td-20240329-396
Additional file 4 of Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Siafis, S., Çıray, O., Wu, H., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Krause, M., Rodolico, A., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Huhn, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19311361
Additional file 7 of Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Siafis, S., Çıray, O., Wu, H., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Krause, M., Rodolico, A., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Huhn, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19311373
Outcomes of Drug-Eluting Stents in comparison to Bare Metal Stents in Cancer Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Siddiqui, M. U., Warner, E. D., Junarta, J., O’Neill, P., Signarovitz, D., Kanawati, E., Murtaza, M., & Fischman, D. L. (2024) · Journal of Interventional Cardiology · doi:10.1155/2024/3072909
Psychological interventions for early-phase schizophrenia: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Feber, L., Salanti, G., Harrer, M., Salahuddin, N. H., Hansen, W., Priller, J., Bighelli, I., & Leucht, S. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.152191.2
A new estimator of between study variance of standardized mean difference in meta-analysis
Albayyat, R. H., Aljohani, H. S., & Alnagar, D. K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308628
Cariprazine (Vraylar)
CDA-AMC (2025) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.25.1060
Side effect profile and comparative tolerability of newer generation antidepressants in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysisPreprint
Türkmen, C., Sacu, S., Furukawa, Y., de Cates, A. N., Schoevers, R. A., Kamphuis, J., Chevance, A., Weisz, J. R., Emslie, G. J., Strawn, J. R., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.25324485
An investigation of the impact of using contrast- and arm-synthesis models for network meta-analysis
Karahalios, A., White, I. R., Turner, S., Salanti, G., Herbison, P., Veroniki, A. A., Nikolakopoulou, A., & McKenzie, J. E. (2025) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1017/rsm.2025.18
How to Handle Heterogeneity in Systematic Reviews with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (Hesma) – a Practical GuidePreprint
Timm, S., Juul, S., Hansen, T. F., Wen, S. W. C., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5348480
Sexual dysfunctions related to use of antipsychotics: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Herder, T., Spoelstra, S. K., Niemeijer, A. S., & Knegtering, H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329559
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Myasthenia Gravis Treatments: A Bayesian Network Meta-AnalysisPreprint
McLaren, N. P., Rosati, M., Zhong, W., Hussain, S., Funaro, M. C., Nowak, R. J., & Roy, B. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.25341653
Additional file 1 of Effectiveness and adverse events of topical and allergen immunotherapy for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol
Gómez-Escobar, L. G., Mora-Ochoa, H., Vargas Villanueva, A., Spineli, L. M., Sanclemente, G., Couban, R., García, E., Chapman, E., & Yepes-Nuñez, J. J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13017987
Additional file 2 of Effectiveness and adverse events of topical and allergen immunotherapy for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol
Gómez-Escobar, L. G., Mora-Ochoa, H., Vargas Villanueva, A., Spineli, L. M., Sanclemente, G., Couban, R., García, E., Chapman, E., & Yepes-Nuñez, J. J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13017990
Additional file 1 of Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs in individuals with schizophrenia during medium- to long-term treatment: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Schneider‐Thoma, J., Kapfhammer, A., Wang, D., Bighelli, I., Siafis, S., Wu, H., Hansen, W.-P., Davis, J. M., Salanti, G., & Leucht, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15094825
Additional file 5 of Methods for the inclusion of real-world evidence in network meta-analysis
Jenkins, D. A., Hussein, H., Martina, R., Dequen, P., Abrams, K. R., & Bujkiewicz, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16779586
Additional file 4 of How robust are findings of pairwise and network meta-analysis in the presence of missing participant outcome data?
Spineli, L. M., Kalyvas, C., & Papadimitropoulou, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17305272
Additional file 2 of Vaccines to prevent COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review with network meta-analysis including individual patient data (The LIVING VACCINE Project)
Korang, S. K., Juul, S., Nielsen, E. E., Feinberg, J. B., Siddiqui, F., Ong, G., Klingenberg, S., Veroniki, A. A., Bu, F., Thabane, L., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13269804
Additional file 3 of How robust are findings of pairwise and network meta-analysis in the presence of missing participant outcome data?
Spineli, L. M., Kalyvas, C., & Papadimitropoulou, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17305266
Additional file 2 of How robust are findings of pairwise and network meta-analysis in the presence of missing participant outcome data?
Spineli, L. M., Kalyvas, C., & Papadimitropoulou, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17305260
Additional file 1 of Non-invasive brain stimulation for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: protocol of a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Siafis, S., Lorenz, C., Wu, H., Zhu, Y., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Li, C., Hansen, W.-P., Padberg, F., Salanti, G., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26094310
Additional file 3 of Determining optimal strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review, cost-effectiveness review and network meta-analysis protocol
Uthman, O. A., Al-Khudairy, L., Nduka, C. U., Court, R. A., Mistry, H., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Taylor-Phillips, S., & Clarke, A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12269669
Additional file 5 of How robust are findings of pairwise and network meta-analysis in the presence of missing participant outcome data?
Spineli, L. M., Kalyvas, C., & Papadimitropoulou, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17305278
Additional file 2 of Methods for the inclusion of real-world evidence in network meta-analysis
Jenkins, D. A., Hussein, H., Martina, R., Dequen, P., Abrams, K. R., & Bujkiewicz, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16779577
Additional file 1 of Methods for the inclusion of real-world evidence in network meta-analysis
Jenkins, D. A., Hussein, H., Martina, R., Dequen, P., Abrams, K. R., & Bujkiewicz, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16779574
Additional file 1 of Optimal reconstruction methods after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis update
Zhao, Z., Li, H., Pan, X., 沈朝勇, Mu, M., Yin, X., Liao, J., Cai, Z., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24954491
Additional file 3 of Methods for the inclusion of real-world evidence in network meta-analysis
Jenkins, D. A., Hussein, H., Martina, R., Dequen, P., Abrams, K. R., & Bujkiewicz, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16779580
Additional file 1 of Relative efficacy of lasmiditan versus rimegepant and ubrogepant as acute treatments for migraine: network meta-analysis findings
Polavieja, P., Belger, M. A., Venkata, S. K., Wilhelm, S., & Johansson, E. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20235738
Additional file 1 of Mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis among patients with malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Siddiqui, M. U., Yacob, O., Junarta, J., Pasha, A. K., Mookadam, F., Mamas, M. A., & Fischman, D. L. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19745211
Additional file 1 of Multivariate meta-analysis of multiple outcomes: characteristics and predictors of borrowing of strength from Cochrane reviews
Hattle, M., Burke, D. L., Trikalinos, T., Schmid, C. H., Chen, Y., Jackson, D., & Riley, R. D. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20381926
Additional file 1 of Vaccines to prevent COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review with network meta-analysis including individual patient data (The LIVING VACCINE Project)
Korang, S. K., Juul, S., Nielsen, E. E., Feinberg, J. B., Siddiqui, F., Ong, G., Klingenberg, S., Veroniki, A. A., Bu, F., Thabane, L., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13269801
Additional file 1 of Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Siafis, S., Çıray, O., Wu, H., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Krause, M., Rodolico, A., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Huhn, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19311349
Additional file 1 of Compare the efficacy of antifungal agents as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis: a network meta-analysis
Liu, A., Xiong, L., Wang, L., Zhuang, H., Gan, X., Zou, M., & Wang, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26733235
Additional file 1 of Determining optimal strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review, cost-effectiveness review and network meta-analysis protocol
Uthman, O. A., Al-Khudairy, L., Nduka, C. U., Court, R. A., Mistry, H., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Taylor-Phillips, S., & Clarke, A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12269651
Additional file 1 of How robust are findings of pairwise and network meta-analysis in the presence of missing participant outcome data?
Spineli, L. M., Kalyvas, C., & Papadimitropoulou, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17305254
Additional file 1 of Antiplatelet drugs for secondary prevention in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Giovane, C. D., Boncoraglio, G. B., Bertù, L., Banzi, R., & Tramacere, I. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15179248
Additional file 3 of Antipsychotic drugs and their effects on cognitive function: protocol for a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis
Feber, L., Peter, N. L., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Siafis, S., Bighelli, I., Hansen, W.-P., Baldez, D. P., Salanti, G., Keefe, R. S. E., Engel, R. R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26577344
Additional file 1 of Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Tricco, A. C., Thomas, S. M., Lillie, E., Veroniki, A. A., Hamid, J. S., Pham, B., Lee, T., Agarwal, A., Sharpe, J. P., Scott, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17305056
Additional file 5 of Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Siafis, S., Çıray, O., Wu, H., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Krause, M., Rodolico, A., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Huhn, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19311367
Additional file 2 of Optimal reconstruction methods after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis update
Zhao, Z., Li, H., Pan, X., 沈朝勇, Mu, M., Yin, X., Liao, J., Cai, Z., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24954525
Additional file 2 of Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs in individuals with schizophrenia during medium- to long-term treatment: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Schneider‐Thoma, J., Kapfhammer, A., Wang, D., Bighelli, I., Siafis, S., Wu, H., Hansen, W.-P., Davis, J. M., Salanti, G., & Leucht, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15094828
Additional file 6 of Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Siafis, S., Çıray, O., Wu, H., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Krause, M., Rodolico, A., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Huhn, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19311370
Additional file 2 of Antipsychotic drugs and their effects on cognitive function: protocol for a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis
Feber, L., Peter, N. L., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Siafis, S., Bighelli, I., Hansen, W.-P., Baldez, D. P., Salanti, G., Keefe, R. S. E., Engel, R. R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26577341

Authors: Turner, R. M., Davey, J., Clarke, M. J., Thompson, S. G., & Higgins, J. P.
Affiliations: MRC Biostatistics Unit (GB)
Queen's University Belfast (GB)
Corresponding author: Turner, Rebecca M
ORCID: Turner, Rebecca M
Clarke, Mike J
Thompson, Simon G
Higgins, Julian PT
Venue: International Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2012-03-29
Volume: 41
Issue: 3
Pages: 818-827
ISSN: 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
1464-3685
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys041
PMC: PMC3396310
OpenAlex: W2131701504
Cited by: 837
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 53 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 7.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
Funders: British Heart Foundation (RG/08/014/24067)
Medical Research Council (U1052.00.011)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Keywords: study heterogeneity, Bayesian meta-analysis, informative priors, external evidence, predictive distribution, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, pharmacological interventions, all-cause mortality, random-effects meta-analysis
MeSH terms: Bayes Theorem, Humans, Research Design, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Outcome Assessment, Health Care

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Predicting the extent of heterogeneity in meta-analysis, using empirical data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Figures

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks