Cited by 2,295Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesBayesian Modeling and Causal InferenceStatistical Methods in Epidemiology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package ‘dagitty’

Open access

Textor, Johannes, van der Zander, Benito, Gilthorpe, Mark S., Liśkiewicz, Maciej, Ellison, George T.H.·2017·International Journal of Epidemiology

DOI 10.1093/ije/dyw341

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), which offer systematic representations of causal relationships, have become an established framework for the analysis of causal inference in epidemiology, often being used to determine covariate adjustment sets for minimizing confounding bias. DAGitty is a popular web application for drawing and analysing DAGs. Here we introduce the R package 'dagitty', which provides access to all of the capabilities of the DAGitty web application within the R platform for statistical computing, and also offers several new functions. We describe how the R package 'dagitty' can be used to: evaluate whether a DAG is consistent with the dataset it is intended to represent; enumerate 'statistically equivalent' but causally different DAGs; and identify exposure-outcome adjustment sets that are valid for causally different but statistically equivalent DAGs. This functionality enables epidemiologists to detect causal misspecifications in DAGs and make robust inferences that remain valid for a range of different DAGs. The R package 'dagitty' is available through the comprehensive R archive network (CRAN) at [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dagitty/]. The source code is available on github at [https://github.com/jtextor/dagitty]. The web application 'DAGitty' is free software, licensed under the GNU general public licence (GPL) version 2 and is available at [http://dagitty.net/].

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ije/dyw341

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference
Pearl, J. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803161 · Cited by 11,653
Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Heart Disease in Eight U.S. Counties
Schwartz, J. D. (1999) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199901000-00005 · Cited by 3,045
Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs
Shrier, I., & Platt, R. W. (2008) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-70 · Cited by 1,442
Causal Inference in Statistics
Pearl, J., Glymour, M., & Jewell, N. P. (2016) · Cited by 1,436
DAGitty
Textor, J. C., Hardt, J., & Knüppel, S. (2011) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318225c2be · Cited by 1,227
Self-citation
Cause and correlation in biology a user's guide to path analysis, structural equations, and causal inference
Shipley, B. (2000) · Cited by 1,085
Kernel-based Conditional Independence Test and Application in Causal DiscoveryPreprint
Zhang, K., Peters, J., Janzing, D., & Schölkopf, B. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1202.3775 · Cited by 373
On the Validity of Covariate Adjustment for Estimating Causal EffectsPreprint
Shpitser, I., VanderWeele, T. J., & Robins, J. M. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1203.3515 · Cited by 124
The ABACUS system for branch-and-cut-and-price algorithms in integer programming and combinatorial optimization
J�nger, M., & Thienel, S. (2000) · Software Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/1097-024x(200009)30:11 · Cited by 86
Limitations of individual causal models, causal graphs, and ignorability assumptions, as illustrated by random confounding and design unfaithfulness
Greenland, S., & Mansournia, M. A. (2015) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-015-9995-7 · Cited by 86

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 19 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Rothman KJ Greenland S Lash TL . Modern Epidemiology. Philadeplphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,003

Functional independence measure predicts the outcome of clean intermittent catheterization training in patients with multiple sclerosis
Haddad, R., Turmel, N., Lagnau, P., Chesnel, C., Breton, F. L., Amarenco, G., & Hentzen, C. (2021) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2021.101539 · Cited by 12
Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards causal directed acyclic graphs: a qualitative research project
Barnard‐Mayers, R., Childs, E., Corlin, L., Caniglia, E. C., Fox, M. P., Donnelly, J. P., & Murray, E. J. (2021) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00771-3 · Cited by 13
“Additionally, the authors of the literature review reported that extraction errors were reduced when diagrams were constructed using DAGitty, a web‐based platform for designing and exploring causal diagrams [14].”
Method
Cross-sectional Survey of Medical student Attitudes to Research and Training pathways (SMART) in the UK: study protocol
Roche, S., Bandyopadhyay, S., Grassam-Rowe, A., Brown, R., Iveson, P., Mallett, G., Eggington, H. R., & Swales, C. E. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050104 · Cited by 12
Association among the number of teeth, dental prosthesis use, and subjective happiness: A cross-sectional study from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation study (JAGES)
Abbas, H., Aida, J., Kondo, K., & Osaka, K. (2022) · Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.02.014 · Cited by 12
End of life care for infants, children and young people (ENHANCE): Protocol for a mixed methods evaluation of current practice in the United Kingdom
Papworth, A., Hackett, J., Beresford, B., Murtagh, F. E., Weatherly, H. L. A., Hinde, S., Bedendo, A., Walker, G. L., Noyes, J., Oddie, S., et al. (2022) · NIHR Open Research · doi:10.3310/nihropenres.13273.1 · Cited by 12
“Each analysis will account for the multiple confounding factors in this population (age, underlying diagnoses, comorbidities, outpatient attendance, socioeconomic status (Index of multiple deprivation)) 59 identified using causal inference methods 60–62 .”
Method
Measuring disparities in event-free survival among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in an academic institute in Oklahoma, 2005–2019
Janitz, A. E., Barber, R., Campbell, J. E., Xu, C., Pokala, H. R., Blanchard, J. W., & McNall‐Knapp, R. Y. (2022) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2022.102275 · Cited by 13
Blood trihalomethane concentrations in relation to sperm mitochondrial DNA copy number and telomere length among 958 healthy men
Liu, C., Chen, Y., Sun, B., Chen, H., Mustieles, V., Messerlian, C., Sun, Y., Meng, T., Lu, W., Pan, X., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114737 · Cited by 12
Precarious employment and occupational injuries in Sweden between 2006 and 2014: a register-based study
Kreshpaj, B., Wegman, D., Burstrom, B., Davis, L., Hemmingsson, T., Håkansta, C., Jonsson, J., Johansson, G., Kjellberg, K., Martinez, N. S. S., et al. (2022) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2022-108604 · Cited by 12
Risk factors for COVID‐19 among Californians working outside the home, November 2020 ‐ May 2021
Wong, J., Cummings, K. J., Gibb, K., Rodriguez, A., Heinzerling, A., & Vergara, X. P. (2023) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23459 · Cited by 12
Mercury Exposure in Women of Reproductive Age in Rondônia State, Amazon Region, Brazil
Bello, T. C. D. S., Buralli, R. J., Cunha, M. P. L., Dórea, J. G., Díaz-Quijano, F. A., Guimarães, J. R. D., & Marques, R. C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065225 · Cited by 16
“The DAG’s (Figure 2) testable independence implications were evaluated using linear regression models and were not rejected (p > 0.05 for all tests), which was interpreted as an indicator of consistency between data and DAG [34].”
BackgroundInfluential
Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides
Bollinger, L., Bartel, A., Weber, C., & Gehlen, H. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13101670 · Cited by 12
“All possible confounders were identified using R Package DAGitty software [43] and checked for association with exposure and outcome.”
Method
Habitual adherence to a traditional Mediterranean diet and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a longitudinal analysis
Sharma, S., Castelnuovo, A. F. D., Costanzo, S., Persichillo, M., Panzera, T., Ruggiero, E., Curtis, A. D., Storto, M., Cavallo, P., Gianfagna, F., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2023.2212879 · Cited by 12
Effect of alcohol consumption on breast cancer: probabilistic bias analysis for adjustment of exposure misclassification bias and confounders
Pakzad, R., Nedjat, S., Salehiniya, H., Mansournia, N., Etminan, M., Nazemipour, M., Pakzad, I., & Mansournia, M. A. (2023) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-023-01978-6 · Cited by 12
Right Ventricular Dysfunction Patterns among Patients with COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Sanchez, P., O’Donnell, C. T., Francisco, N., Santana, E. J., Moore, A. R., Pacheco-Navarro, A. E., Roque, J., Lebold, K. M., Parmer, C. M., Pienkos, S. M., et al. (2023) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.202303-235oc · Cited by 12
Information Structures for Causally Explainable Decisions
Cox, L. A. (2021) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e23050601 · Cited by 12
“It requires being able to use knowledge of choice sets, preferences (e.g., utility functions or goal states) for possible future outcomes, and estimated causal links (e.g., CPTs satisfying ICP) between current actions and probabilities of future outcomes to explain why the recommended course of action is best, as well…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
PM10 exposure interacts with abdominal obesity to increase blood triglycerides: a cross-sectional linkage study
Gaio, V., Roquette, R., Monteiro, A., Ferreira, J., Lopes, D., Dias, C. M., & Nunes, B. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab190 · Cited by 12
Maternal body composition and gestational weight gain in relation to asthma control during pregnancy
Stevens, D. R., Rohn, M. C. H., Hinkle, S. N., Williams, A., Kumar, R., Lipsky, L. M., Grobman, W. A., Sherman, S. J., Kanner, J., Chen, Z., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267122 · Cited by 12
Comparative study of the evolution of cancer gene duplications across fish
Baines, C., Meitern, R., Kreitsberg, R., & Sepp, T. (2022) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.13481 · Cited by 14
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of Pre-Frailty and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Adults 70+: The 3-Year DO-HEALTH Study
Gängler, S., Steiner, H., Gagesch, M., Guyonnet, S., Orav, E. J., von Eckardstein, A., Willett, W. C., & Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14194145 · Cited by 12
“For each outcome, two models were run with minimal and full adjustments for potential confounders based on the directed acyclic graphs generated in DAGitty [34].”
Method
Strengthening The Organization and Reporting of Microbiome Studies (STORMS): A Reporting Checklist for Human Microbiome ResearchPreprint
Mirzayi, C. A., Renson, A., Zohra, F., Elsafoury, S., Geistlinger, L., Kasselman, L., Eckenrode, K., van de Wijgert, J. H. H. M., Loughman, A., Marques, F. Z., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.167353 · Cited by 12
“Consider including a directed acyclic graph showing the hypothesized causal relationships of interest.(16) Additionally discuss the potential for selection or survival bias (Item 6.”
Background
Prenatal exposure to ambient temperature and preterm birth: a historical cohort
Girgin, S., Erez, O., Nevo, D., Youssim, I., Kloog, I., & Raz, R. (2025) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaf106 · Cited by 11
“According to the analysis of the DAG using DAGitty [38], the minimal set of variables to be adjusted for was: SES, ethnicity, locality, seasonality, and air pollution (Fig.”
Association of maternal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and preterm birth: a cohort study
Hesselman, S., Wikman, A., Skoglund, C. B., Kallner, H. K., Skalkidou, A., Poromaa, I. S., & Wikström, A. (2020) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16310 · Cited by 11
Causal inference in suicide research: When you should (and should not!) control for extraneous variables
Cero, I., Mitchell, S. M., & Morris, C. S. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12681 · Cited by 13
Influence of Timing of Postoperative Weight-Bearing on Implant Failure Rate Among Older Patients With Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures: A Propensity Score Matching Cohort Study
Jia, X., Qiang, M., Zhang, K., Han, Q., Wu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.795595 · Cited by 11
Race (black-white) and sex inequalities in tooth loss: A population-based study
Souza, L. H. T. E., Díaz-Quijano, F. A., Barros, M. B. D. A., & Lima, M. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276103 · Cited by 11
“10 for all tests), which was interpreted as an indicator of consistency between the DAG and the data [39, 45].”
Method
Identifying pre-conception and pre-natal periods in which ambient air pollution exposure affects fetal growth in the predominately Hispanic MADRES cohort
Peterson, A. K., Habre, R., Niu, Z., Amin, M., Yang, T., Eckel, S. P., Farzan, S. F., Lurmann, F. W., Pavlovic, N., Grubbs, B. H., et al. (2022) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00925-0 · Cited by 11
“Covariates Covariates to include in multivariate models were identified a priori based on a review of the literature and visualized through Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) [50].”
Method
Environmental Noise Exposure and Sleep Habits among Children in a Cohort from Northern Spain
Arregi, A., Lertxundi, A., Vegas, Ó., García‐Baquero, G., Ibarluzea, J. M., Anabitarte, A., Barroeta, Z., Jimeno-Romero, A., Subiza‐Pérez, M., & Lertxundi, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316321 · Cited by 12
“’s DAGitty software [72] to identify its testable implications.”
Background
Seroprevalence of Hantavirus in Forestry Workers, Northern France, 2019–2020
Krug, C., Rigaud, E., Siby-Diakite, D., Bénézet, L., Papadopoulos, P., de Valk, H., Deffontaines, G., Septfons, A., & Reynes, J. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15020338 · Cited by 11
“Causal diagrams were made between hantavirus seropositivity and each factor of interest using DAGitty ([28,29]; diagrams not shown).”
Method
Metabolic tumour and nodal response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy on FDG PET-CT as a predictor of pathological response and survival in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Moore, J., Subesinghe, M., Santaolalla, A., Green, M., Deere, H., van Hemelrijck, M., Lagergren, J., Chicklore, S., Maisey, N., Gossage, J., et al. (2023) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-023-09482-7 · Cited by 10
So many variables, but what causes what?
CAT, C. D., & Unsworth, S. (2023) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000923000107 · Cited by 11
Vocal performance increases rapidly during the dawn chorus in Adelaide’s warbler (Setophaga adelaidae)
Vazquez‐Cardona, J., Bonnell, T. R., Mower, P. C., Medina, O. J., Jiskoot, H., & Logue, D. M. (2023) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arad030 · Cited by 11
“We applied the adjustmentSets function from the R package DAGitty (Textor et al. 2016), to confirm that our models can characterize the direct effect of Time on performance without confounds.”
Method
Patterns of Health Care Access and Use in an Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Population
Garcia, A. N., Venegas-Murillo, A. L., Martinez-Hollingsworth, A., Smith, L. V., Wells, K. B., Heilemann, M. V., Fischbach, L. A., Cummings, P. L., & Kuo, T. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01624-3 · Cited by 11
“Potential confounders/ control variables were identified using a priori information about known biologic or social causal relations and through the construction of directed acyclic graphs [14, 15].”
High Serum Folate Concentration, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, and Anthropometric Nutritional Status in Brazilian Children Aged 6–59 Months: Data from the Brazilian National Survey of Child Nutrition
Salvatte, K., Farias, D. R., Normando, P., Berti, T. L., de Castro, I. R. R., & Kac, G. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.020 · Cited by 11
Who is satisfied with their inclusion in polycentric sustainability governance? Networks, power, and procedural justice in Swiss wetlands
Angst, M., & Huber, M. N. (2023) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12515 · Cited by 11
Identifying individual and organizational predictors of accidental exposure to blood (AEB) among hospital healthcare workers: A longitudinal study
Bun, R. S., Bouziad, K. A., Daouda, O. S., Miliani, K., Eworo, A., Espinasse, F., Seytre, D., Casetta, A., Nérome, S., Temime, L., et al. (2023) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2023.248 · Cited by 11
“Utilizing alternative analytical approaches, such as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), 40 could reveal previously unidentified relationships, guiding the development of more effective prevention strategies and enhancing HCW safety and patient care.”
Method
Using Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) to Determine if the Total Causal Effect of an Individual Randomized Physical Activity-Promoting Intervention is Identifiable
Myers, N. D., Brincks, A. M., & Lee, S. (2024) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2024.2318355 · Cited by 11
Pulmonary function 3–6 months after acute COVID-19: A systematic review and multicentre cohort study
Cornelissen, M. E. B., Leliveld, A., Baalbaki, N., Gach, D., van der Lee, I., Nossent, E. J., Bloemsma, L. D., & der Zee, A. H. M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27964 · Cited by 11
“S1) [33].”
Associations Between Dietary Patterns and Kidney Health Assessed in the Population-Based CHRIS Study Using Reduced Rank Regression
Barbieri, G., García-Larsen, V., Lundin, R., Fujii, R., Melotti, R., Gögele, M., Christopher, K. B., Cazzoletti, L., Pramstaller, P. P., Zanolin, M. E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2024.03.003 · Cited by 11
Obstetric anal sphincter injury in the second birth after perineal wound complication in the first birth: A nationwide register cohort study
Rygaard, A., Jonsson, M., Wikström, A., Wendel, S. B., & Hesselman, S. (2024) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17830 · Cited by 12
“Confounding factors were identified using directed acyclic graphs (Figure S2), 22 which suggested the following minimal adjustments to estimate the effect of previous wound complication on OASI: BMI, age, induction, labour dystocia, operative vaginal delivery, fetal presentation at birth and…”
Tooth loss and depression in Chilean participants of the National Health Survey 2016–2017: Oral and social functions mediation analysis
Ortuño, D., Martínez, C., Caneo, C., Paredes, F., Soto, M., González, M. I., Díaz, V., & Koller, G. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.010 · Cited by 11
A causal trait model for explaining foliar water uptake capacity
Matos, I. S., Rifai, S. W., Gouveia, W. F., Menor, I. O., Mantuano, D. G., & Rosado, B. H. P. (2024) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.13258 · Cited by 11
All‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in US adults with periodontal diseases: A prospective cohort study
Larvin, H., Baptiste, P. J., Gao, C., Muirhead, V., Donos, N., Pavitt, S. H., Kang, J. X., & Wu, J. (2024) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.14002 · Cited by 11
Effectiveness and Safety of an Emergency Department Code Sepsis Protocol: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial
Peltan, I. D., Bledsoe, J. R., Jacobs, J. R., Groat, D., Klippel, C., Adamson, M., Hooper, G. A., Tinker, N. J., Foster, R. A., Stenehjem, E. A., et al. (2024) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.202403-286oc · Cited by 11
The effect of anxiety on all‐cause dementia: A longitudinal analysis from the Hunter Community Study
Khaing, K., Dolja‐Gore, X., Nair, B., Byles, J., & Attia, J. (2024) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.19078 · Cited by 13
“Three models were built: Model 1 — accounting for social demographic data (age and gender), Model 2 — adjusted model controlling all variables suggested by the DAG, and Model 3 — a sensitivity analysis where dementia and deaths identified within the first 5 years from baseline were excluded to eliminate the possibilit…”
Influential
Drivers of interlineage variability in mitogenomic evolutionary rates in Platyhelminthes
Jakovlić, I., Ye, T., Zou, H., Zhu, F., Shi, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, G., Li, W. X., & Zhang, D. (2024) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/s41437-024-00712-2 · Cited by 11
“To conduct the causal inference analyses, we used dagitty (Textor et al. 2016), and then calculated causal effects using brms and lmekin following the methodology outlined in (Arif et al. 2022) (details in Supplementary ﬁ le S1: Text S3).”
Long-term exposures to low concentrations of source-specific air pollution, road-traffic noise, and systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease biomarkers
Allaouat, S., Yli‐Tuomi, T., Tiittanen, P., Kukkonen, J., Kangas, L., Mikkonen, S. J., Ngandu, T., Jousilahti, P., Siponen, T., Zeller, T., et al. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119846 · Cited by 11
Managing nutrition-biodiversity trade-offs on coral reefs
Maire, E., Robinson, J. P. W., McLean, M. J., Arif, S., Zamborain‐Mason, J., Cinner, J. E., Ferse, S. C. A., Graham, N. A. J., Hoey, A. S., MacNeil, M. A., et al. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.031 · Cited by 11
“We used the R package ‘dagitty’ 80 to test DAG-data consistency between our observational data and speciﬁed DAG.”
Early Maternal Prenatal Cannabis Use and Child Developmental Delays
Avalos, L. A., Oberman, N. R., Alexeeff, S., Croen, L., Davignon, M. N., Adams, S. R., Ansley, D. R., Chambers, C., Steuerle, K. R., & Young‐Wolff, K. C. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40295 · Cited by 11
Paternal age and neonatal outcomes: a population-based cohort study
Xiong, W., Tang, X., Han, L., & Ling, L. (2025) · Human Reproduction Open · doi:10.1093/hropen/hoaf006 · Cited by 11
“We constructed the graph using online DAGitty version 3.1 to identify minimally sufficient adjustment sets of covariates (Textor et al. , 2016).”
Influential
Combined phosphorus-32 implantation and chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a propensity score–weighted landmark analysis
Lim, A. H. W., Nitchingham, D., Bednarz, J., Bills, M., Lanka, L., Allen, B., Tan, A. B. T., Joshi, R., Hsieh, W., Crouch, B., et al. (2025) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2025.04.054 · Cited by 11
The association between the gut microbiome and 24-h blood pressure measurements in the SCAPIS study
Lin, Y., Sayols-Baixeras, S., Baldanzi, G., Dekkers, K. F., Hammar, U., Nguyen, D. T., Nielsen, N., Eklund, A. C., Varotsis, G., Holm, J. B., et al. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-00980-x · Cited by 12
“In the revised version one species, Dysosmobacter sp001916835 , was associated with two traits, while the other three were associated with one trait only.”
The future of epidemiology: methods or matter?
Ebrahim, S. B. J., Ferrie, J. E., & Smith, G. D. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx032 · Cited by 13
“If a potential ‘cause’ cannot be manipulated, is it sensible to disregard it, relegating it to the ‘not suitable for epidemiology’ category? The use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) may, if properly constructed, aid causal thinking and help plan relevant analyses.(112) But DAGs and analyses may increasingly be constr…”
Background
Advanced Modelling Strategies: Challenges and pitfalls in robust causal inference with observational data
Tennant, P. W. G., Arnold, K. F., Berrie, L., Ellison, G. T. H., & Gilthorpe, M. S. (2017) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 11
Self-citation
British OsteoNEcrosis Study (BONES) protocol: a prospective cohort study to examine the natural history of osteonecrosis in older children, teenagers and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma
Amin, N. L., Kinsey, S. E., Feltbower, R. G., Kraft, J. K., Whitehead, E., Velangi, M., & James, B. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027204 · Cited by 11
“Data will be collected and analysed in clinically relevant categories, while χ(2) tests and multivariable logistic regression models will be used to determine differences between groups adjusting for a relevant set of confounders identified using causal inference methods.(62) Potential confounders that will be assesse…”
Method
Animal-Assisted Interventions: Relationship Between Standards and Qualifications
Kerulo, G., Kargas, N., Mills, D. S., Law, G., VanFleet, R., Faa-Thompson, T., & Winkle, M. Y. (2020) · People and Animals The International Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.62845/if7vn9g · Cited by 11
Identifying prognostic factors of severe metabolic acidosis and uraemia in African children with severe falciparum malaria: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial
Mzumara, G. W., Leopold, S. J., Marsh, K., Dondorp, A. M., Ohuma, E. O., & Mukaka, M. (2021) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03785-0 · Cited by 11
A causal modelling approach to informing woodland caribou conservation policy from observational studies
Wilson, S. F., Nudds, T. D., & de Vries, A. (2021) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109370 · Cited by 11
Causal Considerations Can Inform the Interpretation of Surprising Associations in Medical Registries
Carmona‐Bayonas, A., Jiménez‐Fonseca, P., Gallego-Plazas, J., & Msaouel, P. (2021) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.1080/07357907.2021.1999971 · Cited by 11
“Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) were built using the Dagitty software (http://www.dagitty.net/) (58).”
Method
The effect of face-to-face versus online learning on student performance in anatomy: an observational study using a causal inference approach
Diong, J. H. L., Lee, H., & Reed, D. (2023) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-022-00027-6 · Cited by 11
“net/) [22] to obtain the minimallysufficient set of variables for adjustment, if any are needed, to determine the total effect.”
Background
Association of Blood Total Mercury with Dyslipidemia in a sample of U.S. Adolescents: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Database, 2011–2018
Abasilim, C., Persky, V., & Turyk, M. E. (2023) · Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances · doi:10.1016/j.heha.2023.100047 · Cited by 11
“Using a directed acyclic graph and prior literature, we identified and included information on a wide range of potential confounders (Appendix Figure 1) (Greenland et al., 1999; Textor et al., 2016).”
Method
A Systematic Review: Is Porcine Kobuvirus Causing Gastrointestinal Disease in Young Pigs?
Eriksen, E. Ø. (2023) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci10040286 · Cited by 11
Comparing the prevalence of chronic pain in school-aged children in the United States from 2019 to 2020: a nationally representative study examining differences associated with the COVID-19 pandemic
Kapos, F. P., Vandeleur, D. M., Tham, S. W., Palermo, T. M., & Groenewald, C. B. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003020 · Cited by 11
Time to treatment patterns of head and neck cancer patients before and during the Covid-19 pandemic
Tasoulas, J., Schrank, T. P., Smith, B. D., Agala, C. B., Kim, S., Sheth, S. H., Shen, C. J., Yarbrough, W. G., Hackman, T., & Sullivan, C. B. (2023) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106535 · Cited by 11
Association of sugar intake from different sources with cardiovascular disease incidence in the prospective cohort of UK Biobank participants
Schaefer, S. M., Kaiser, A., Eichner, G., & Faßhauer, M. (2024) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00926-4 · Cited by 12
“A directed acyclic graph (produced with the R package DAGitty [36] that shows hypothesized causal relationships underlying the association between sugar and CVD incidence was used to identify an appropriate set of confounding variables to assess an unconfounded effect estimate.”
Method
Association of serum fatty acid pattern with depression in U.S. adults: analysis of NHANES 2011–2012
Chen, H., Wang, J., Zheng, B., Xia, W., Tan, G., Wu, H., Wang, Y., Deng, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2024) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02142-9 · Cited by 11
“S2) [35].”
The children of Superstorm Sandy: Maternal prenatal depression blunts offspring electrodermal activity
Buthmann, J. L., Finik, J. M., Ventura, G., Zhang, W., Shereen, A. D., & Nomura, Y. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107716 · Cited by 10
“Following a review of the literature, a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) was made to represent the theorized causal pathway between PNMS, PNMD and offspring ANS function (as represented by EDA measures) (Textor et al., 2016).”
Method
Relating the number of human leucocytes antigen mismatches to pregnancy complications in oocyte donation pregnancies: study protocol for a prospective multicentre cohort study (DONOR study)
van Bentem, K., Lashley, E. E. L. O., Bos, M., Eikmans, M., Heidt, S., Claas, F. H. J., le Cessie, S., & van der Hoorn, M. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027469 · Cited by 11
“All possible factors are visualised to provide insight into their effects by a directed acyclic graph (figure 2) with the use of DAGitty program.(22) According to this DAG, adjustment for age, ethnicity, plurality and mode of conception is necessary to minimise the effect confounding.”
Cumulative burden of subsequent neoplasms, cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity in young people surviving cancer
Smith, L., Glaser, A., Greenwood, D. C., & Feltbower, R. G. (2020) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2020.101711 · Cited by 11
Quantitative and semiquantitative estimates of mold exposure in infancy and childhood respiratory health
Cox, J., Ryan, P., Burkle, J. W., Jandarov, R., Mendell, M. J., Hershey, G. K. K., LeMasters, G. K., & Reponen, T. A. (2020) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000101 · Cited by 14
Infant feeding clusters are associated with respiratory health and allergy at school age in the PARIS birth cohort
Amazouz, H., de Lauzon‐Guillain, B., Bourgoin‐Heck, M., Just, J., Beydon, N., Lezmi, G., Rancière, F., & Momas, I. (2020) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.14568 · Cited by 11
Maternal plasma folate concentration is positively associated with serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein across the three trimesters of pregnancy
da Silva, M. T., Mujica-Coopman, M. F., Figueiredo, A. C. C., Hampel, D., Vieira, L. S., Farias, D. R., Shahab‐Ferdows, S., Allen, L. H., Alex Brito, O., Lamers, Y., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77231-7 · Cited by 11
Maternal exposure to life events during pregnancy and congenital heart disease in offspring: a case-control study in a Chinese population
Li, J., Du, Y., Liu, Y., Du, J., Zhang, R., Qu, P., Yan, H., Wang, D., & Dang, S. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04154-0 · Cited by 15
“3) (26) was adopted to screen the minimal su cient set of covariates.”
Method
Evolutionary Personality Psychology
Lewis, D. M. G., Al-Shawaf, L., & Buss, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.022 · Cited by 11
The Association between the Occurrence of Asthma and Antecedents of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Previous Year in Children: An Incidence-Density Study
Bentouhami, H., Casas, L., & Weyler, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052888 · Cited by 31
“0’ for the relationship between recent exposure to ETS and asthma diagnosis (Figure 1) [15].”
Background
Strain on the ICU resources and patient outcomes in the COVID-19 pandemic
Stattin, K., Frithiof, R., Hultström, M., Lipcsey, M., & Kawati, R. (2022) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/eja.0000000000001760 · Cited by 11
Residence near industrial complex and cancer incidence: A registry-based cohort of 1,022,637 participants with a follow-up of 21 years, Israel
Kayyal-Tarabeia, I., Blank, M., Zick, A., & Agay‐Shay, K. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114471 · Cited by 14
Neuroticism and adverse life events are important determinants in functional somatic disorders: the DanFunD study
Petersen, M. W., Carstensen, T. B. W., Frostholm, L., Wellnitz, K. B., Ørnbøl, E., Lamm, T. T., Dantoft, T. M., Eplov, L. F., Jørgensen, T., & Fink, P. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24213-6 · Cited by 11
Corrigendum to: Evidence synthesis for constructing directed acyclic graphs (ESC-DAGs): a novel and systematic method for building directed acyclic graphs
Ferguson, K., McCann, M., Katikireddi, S. V., Thomson, H., Green, M. J., Smıth, D. J., & Lewsey, J. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz220 · Cited by 11
Postpartum uterine diseases negatively impact the time to pregnancy in grazing dairy cows from high-altitude tropical herds
Timarán, D. A. V., Arango‐Sabogal, J. C., Reyes-Vélez, J., & Maldonado-Estrada, J. G. (2020) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105202 · Cited by 10
Prospective associations between diet quality and health-related quality of life in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study
Ng, L. H., Hart, M. J., Dingle, S. E., Milte, C. M., Livingstone, K. M., Shaw, J. E., Magliano, D. J., McNaughton, S. A., & Torres, S. J. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452200304x · Cited by 10
“Confounders included in the model were determined by the use of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) developed using the online tool DAGitty (30) (Fig.”
Method
Association of leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number with longitudinal C-reactive protein levels and survival in older adults: a cohort study
Wu, I., Liu, C., Cheng, W., Lin, T., Chen, H., Chen, P., Wu, R., Huang, C., Hsiung, C. A., & Hsu, C. (2022) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-022-00322-8 · Cited by 11
“The biasing pathway is presented in red [34]”
Background
Sex differences in neurodevelopmental trajectories in children with different levels of autistic traits
Nishimura, T., Takahashi, N., Okumura, A., Harada, T., Iwabuchi, T., Nakayasu, C., Rahman, M. S., Uchiyama, S., Wakuta, M., Nomura, Y., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13529 · Cited by 10
Dietary patterns, lung function and asthma in childhood: a longitudinal study
Talaei, M., Emmett, P. M., Granell, R., Tabatabaeian, H., Northstone, K., Bergström, A., & Shaheen, S. O. (2023) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-023-02383-9 · Cited by 10
“We selected known potential confounding factors from the existing literature [39] and by using a directed acyclic graph approach [40]; these included multiple individual and area-based indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) (see Additional file 1: Fig.”
Method
Is Increasing Diet Diversity of Animal-Source Foods Related to Better Health-Related Quality of Life among Chinese Men and Women?
Jing, H., Teng, Y., Chacha, S., Wang, Z., Shi, G., Mi, B., Zhang, B., Cai, J., Liu, Y., Li, Q., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15194183 · Cited by 10
“Based on currently available professional knowledge, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) was used to determine the causal relationship among the 10 confounding variables [41].”
Method
Association between psychological factors and molar–incisor hypomineralization: A cross‐sectional study
Mafla, A. C., Orozco‐Tovar, A. E., Ortiz‐Gómez, F., Ortiz‐Pizán, Á. J., González‐Ruano, A. V., & Schwendicke, F. (2023) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/ipd.13142 · Cited by 11
The Relationship Between Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Cardiovascular Disease in the National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS), 1999–2018
Nagarajan, S., Rosenbaum, J. E., & Joks, R. O. (2024) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2024.02.001 · Cited by 11
Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in a Chinese Urban Area: A Case-Control Study
Xie, X., Huang, L.-Y., Cheng, G., Liu, D., Hu, F., Zhang, J., Han, G., Liu, X.-C., Wang, J., Zhou, J. H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231186 · Cited by 10
“Prior to analysis, potential confounders were pre-selected and deﬁned using DAGitty version 3.0, utilizing a directed acyclic graph (DAG) [37].”
Influential
Application of Epidemiological Methods in a Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study in 765 German Dairy Herds—Lessons Learned
Merle, R., Hoedemaker, M., Knubben‐Schweizer, G., Metzner, M., Müller, K., & Campe, A. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14091385 · Cited by 10
“After identifying the target variable, a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) (http://www. dagitty.net/ ( accessed on 25.05.2023)) [ 16] was created, including all known and expected influence factors on this outcome, from existing and/or expert knowledge.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Residential greenness and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a large cohort in southern China: Potential causal links, risk trajectories, and mediation pathways
Wu, W., Chen, D., Ruan, X., Wu, G., Deng, X., Lawrence, W. R., Lin, X., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Lin, Z., et al. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.025 · Cited by 10
“To identify potential confounders, we generated a directed acyclic graph (DAG) using DAGitty’s online tool [42] (available at www.dagitty.net) (Figure S1).”
Organophosphate ester flame retardant chemicals and maternal depression during pregnancy
Hernandez‐Castro, I., Eckel, S. P., Howe, C. G., Aung, M. T., Kannan, K., Robinson, M., Foley, H. B., Yang, T., Vigil, M. J., Chen, X., et al. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119581 · Cited by 10
Contribution of ethnicity, area level deprivation and air pollution to paediatric intensive care unit admissions in the United Kingdom 2008–2021
Mitchell, H. K., Seaton, S. E., Leahy, C., Mustafa, K., Buckley, H., Davis, P., Feltbower, R. G., & Ramnarayan, P. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102776 · Cited by 12
Associations between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites with BDNF and Behavioral Function among European Children from Five HBM4EU Aligned Studies
Salamanca‐Fernández, E., Espín-Moreno, L., Olivas-Martínez, A., Pérez-Cantero, A., Martín-Rodríguez, J. L., Poyatos, R. M., Barbone, F., Rosolen, V., Mariuz, M., Ronfani, L., et al. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12090642 · Cited by 13
“Potential confounders of phthalate–BDNF behavior associations were identified a priori based on causal scientific knowledge [59].”
Background
Chronic low back pain causal risk factors identified by Mendelian randomization: a cross-sectional cohort analysis
Zheng, P. Z., Scheffler, A., Ewing, S. K., Hue, T. F., Jones, S. B., Morshed, S., Mehling, W. E., Espin, A. T., Galivanche, A. R., Lotz, J. C., et al. (2025) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2024.12.029 · Cited by 14
“1, which includes all exposures along with a set of nodes and directed edges, a minimally sufficient adjustment set (MSAS) was identified for the total effect of each exposure variable separately using the R package daggity (v. 3.1) [48].”
Influential
Social determinants of recovery from ongoing symptoms following COVID-19 in two UK longitudinal studies: a prospective cohort study
Cheetham, N. J., Bowyer, V., García, M. P., Bowyer, R. C. E., Carpentieri, J., Guise, A., Thompson, E. J., Sudre, C. H., Molteni, E., Antonelli, M., et al. (2025) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2024-001166 · Cited by 9
Simulating hierarchical data to assess the utility of ecological versus multilevel analyses in obtaining individual-level causal effects
Kakampakou, L., Stokes, J., Höhn, A., de Kamps, M., Lawniczak, W., Arnold, K. F., Hensor, E. M. A., Heppenstall, A. J., & Gilthorpe, M. S. (2025) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-025-02504-6 · Cited by 10
“To simulate multivariate normal data we used the R package dagitty [42], which takes a specified DAG to obtain its implied correlation matrix, from which multivariate Normal data are generated.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, their food sources and fertility in females and males: a preconception prospective population-based cohort study
Schipper, M. C., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Bekkers, E. L., Mulders, A. G. M. G. J., & Gaillard, R. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.006 · Cited by 10
Social Isolation Is Associated With the Acceleration of Death and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease
Zeng, X., Jiang, Y., Liu, Z., Yang, H., Song, H., Li, C., & Fu, P. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.038951 · Cited by 11
“21 Finally, for analyses of death, we adjusted for confounders including age, sex, race and ethnicity, educational level, depression, employment status, eGFR stage and Townsend deprivation index, while for analyses on CVD, age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, GFR stage, and smoking status were…”
Functional evaluation of mandibular reconstruction with bone free flap. A GETTEC study
Atallah, S., Bozec, A., Ransy, P., Davrou, J., Longis, J., Humbert, M., Brenet, E., Schultz, P., Damecourt, A., Guily, J. L. S., et al. (2020) · European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2020.08.005 · Cited by 10
Incidence of and risk factors for short stature in children with chronic kidney disease: results from the KNOW-Ped CKD
Park, E., Lee, H. J., Choi, H. J., Ahn, Y. H., Han, K. H., Kim, S. H., Cho, H., Shin, J. I., Lee, J. H., Park, Y. S., et al. (2021) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-021-05054-3 · Cited by 10
Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Circulating Proteins in 50-Year-Old Swedish Men and Women: a Cross-Sectional Study
Enarsson, M., Feldreich, T., Byberg, L., Nowak, C., Lind, L., & Ärnlöv, J. (2021) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-021-00343-5 · Cited by 12

Authors: Textor, J., van der Zander, B., Gilthorpe, M. S., Liśkiewicz, M., & Ellison, G. T. H.
Affiliations: Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
University of Leeds (GB)
University of Lübeck (DE)
Corresponding author: Textor, Johannes
ORCID: Textor, Johannes
Gilthorpe, Mark S.
Liśkiewicz, Maciej
Ellison, George T.H.
Venue: International Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2017-01-15
Volume: 45
Issue: 6
Pages: dyw341
ISSN: 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
1464-3685
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw341
OpenAlex: W2576536258
Cited by: 2,295
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 156 · 2025: 409 · 2024: 451 · 2023: 392 · 2022: 323 · 2021: 256 · 2020: 201 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 35.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Keywords: directed acyclic graphs, causal inference, R package, adjustment sets, confounding
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Epidemiologic Methods, Humans, Software, Bias, Causality, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package ‘dagitty’

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks