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Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset
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ABSTRACT The article introduces a new dataset that seeks to comprehensively trace developments in the area of digital trade governance. The TAPED (Trade Agreements Provisions on Electronic-Commerce and Data) dataset includes a detailed mapping and coding of all preferential trade agreements that cover chapters, provisions, annexes, and side documents that directly or indirectly regulate digital trade. This article presents the methodology behind TAPED and provides an overview of the evolution of digital trade provisions in preferential trade agreements, highlighting also some emerging trends. It then takes a look at the substance of selected rules found particularly in electronic commerce chapters and maps the diversity of approaches in tackling issues meant to facilitate online trade, such as the customs duty moratorium on electronic transactions or paperless trading, and discusses the very recent rule-making with regard to cross-border data flows. This is of course merely a glimpse of the wealth of information that TAPED provides, and the goal of this article is simply to uncover the great variety and the complexity of the norms found in the preferential trade agreements on digital trade governance, which reveals the value of the dataset.
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“The first e-commerce provision is found in the 2000 Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Jordan and the US.28”
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > II. THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TRADE PROVISIONS IN PTAS: OVERVIEW AND SOME EMERGING TRENDS
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In the paper
“As shown in Figure 1, digital trade provisions are, on average, included in more than 61% of all PTAs that were concluded between 2010 and 2018.”
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > II. THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TRADE PROVISIONS IN PTAS: OVERVIEW AND SOME EMERGING TRENDS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The largest number of provisions is found in e-commerce and IP chapters; overall, the provisions remain however highly heterogeneous, addressing various issues ranging from customs duties and non-discriminatory treatment of digital products to domestic regulatory framework, electronic signatures, consumer protection, data protection, paperless trading, and unsolicited electronic messages.”
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > II. THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TRADE PROVISIONS IN PTAS: OVERVIEW AND SOME EMERGING TRENDS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Three years later, the 2003 Australia-Singapore FTA (SAFTA) 29 was the first PTA to have a dedicated chapter on e-commerce.”
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > II. THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TRADE PROVISIONS IN PTAS: OVERVIEW AND SOME EMERGING TRENDS
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In the paper
“From those treaties, 184 PTAs include provisions that are related to digital trade, 108 have specific e-commerce provisions and 78 consider dedicated e-commerce chapters and side agreements.”
- Also stated in: § II. THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TRADE PROVISIONS IN PTAS: OVERVIEW AND SOME EMERGING TRENDS · plain
“At the moment of this writing, specific provisions applicable to e-commerce can be found in 108 PTAs, mostly in dedicated chapters (78 in our dataset).”
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > Using the kick-off of the US Digital Agenda (with the Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002), and the EU's 2000
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- Also stated in: § II. THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TRADE PROVISIONS IN PTAS: OVERVIEW AND SOME EMERGING TRENDS · plain
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In the paper
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > Using the kick-off of the US Digital Agenda (with the Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002), and the EU's 2000
“108 have specific e-commerce provisions and 78 consider dedicated e-commerce chapters and side agreements.”
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > III. SUBSTANTIVE DIGITAL TRADE PROVISIONS IN PTAS: INSIGHTS FROM THE E-COMMERCE CHAPTERS
“From the 108 PTAs that have e-commerce chapters or side agreements, only 48 agreements include such reference”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > II. THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TRADE PROVISIONS IN PTAS: OVERVIEW AND SOME EMERGING TRENDS
“While the first PTA including such provisions in general terms is the 2007 Korea-US FTA (KORUS),”
§ Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset > 3. Electronic authentication
“The first agreement having such a provision is the 2006 Taiwan-Nicaragua FTA, where as part of the cooperation activities, the parties affirmed the importance of working 'to maintain cross-border flows of information as an essential element to promote a dynamic environment for electronic commerce.'”
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王, 玉., Yang, C., & Ma, Y. (2026) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2026.2736138
Nguyen, D. A. (2026) · Asian Journal of Law and Society · doi:10.1017/als.2026.10057
Regional Digital Trade Rules and Digital Service Exports
Zhao, J. (2026) · International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.ijefm.20261405.12
Digital Trade Rule Network Status and Energy Resilience: Evidence from 110 Economies
Liu, Y., Li, L., Wang, H., et al. (2026) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2026.2722136
Metadata
- Authors
- Burri, M., & Polanco, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Lucerne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Burri, Mira
- Venue
- Journal of International Economic Law
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-01-31
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 187-220
- ISSN
- 1369-3034 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3758
- OpenAlex
- W3003878649
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 62.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of International Economic Law (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › World Trade Organization Law
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Business and International Management › E-commerce and Technology Innovations
- Keywords
- digital trade, preferential trade agreements, e-commerce, cross-border data flows
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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