The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender and Marital Status Clarify Associations between Food Insecurity and Body Weight
Open accessAbstract
Prior research shows that food insecurity is associated with being overweight in women, with few and ambiguous results in men. Little is known about the characteristics and roles of individuals who are most likely to be both food insecure and overweight or obese. This study analyzed associations between food insecurity and body weight, and whether gender and marital status are involved in that relationship. Using multiple regression models, we examined food insecurity, marriage, and body weight among 4338 men and 4172 women aged > or = 20 y in the 1999-2002 NHANES. Married men were more likely to be overweight than men in all other marital-status categories except for those living with partners. Divorced men were more likely than never-married men to live in a household with very low food security. Compared with fully food-secure men, marginally food-secure men were heavier, whereas men with low food security were lighter. Compared with fully food-secure women, marginally food-secure women also showed a tendency to be overweight (P = 0.05), whereas women with low food security were more likely to be obese. When considering the interaction between food insecurity and marital status, food insecurity was related to a greater likelihood of obesity among married women, those living with partners, and widows, when compared with never-married women. Sensitivity analyses suggest this effect was concentrated among marginally food-secure women. These findings indicate that food insecurity relates differently to body weight for men and women, and that partnering plays a strong part in this relationship for women.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hanson et al. [35] found that unmarried individuals had higher food insecurity.”
From Food Insecurity, Walkability, and Social Determinants of Health: A Cross-Sectional, County-Level Study of Associations with Maternal and Infant Mortality in the United States (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic
Akram, D. S., Astrup, A. V., Atinmo, T., Boissin, J.-L., Bray, G. A., Carroll, K. N., Chitson, P., Chen, C., Dietz, W. H., Hill, J. O., et al. (2000) · Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) · Cited by 12,945
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.1549 · Cited by 8,720
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States
Crespo, C. J., & Smit, E. (2003) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781718206601.ch-001 · Cited by 4,382
Ross, C. E., Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071725 · Cited by 3,927
Cox, D. R. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-32833-1_5 · Cited by 2,687
Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature
Sobal, J., & Stunkard, A. J. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.260 · Cited by 2,346
Self-citationWaite, L. J. (1995) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061670 · Cited by 1,051
Stunkard, A. J., Faith, M. S., & Allison, K. C. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00608-5 · Cited by 841
Food Insecurity Is Positively Related to Overweight in Women
Townsend, M. S., Peerson, J. M., Love, B., Achterberg, C., & Murphy, S. P. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.6.1738 · Cited by 831
Prospective association between obesity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study
Roberts, R. E., Deleger, S., Strawbridge, W. J., & Kaplan, G. A. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802204 · Cited by 674
Nutrition and Health Outcomes Associated with Food Insecurity and Hunger
Olson, C. M. (1999) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/129.2.521s · Cited by 543
Relationship of Hunger and Food Insecurity to Food Availability and Consumption
Kendall, A., Olson, C. M., & Frongillo, E. A. (1996) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00271-4 · Cited by 515
Self-citationAnalysis of Binary Data (2nd ed.).
Steffey, D. L., Cox, D. R., & Snell, E. J. (1990) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289625 · Cited by 503
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Increased Risk of Obesity in California Women
Adams, E. J., Grummer‐Strawn, L. M., & Chavez, G. F. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.4.1070 · Cited by 480
Trends in the Association between Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in U.S. Adults: 1971 to 2000
Zhang, Q., & Wang, Y. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.202 · Cited by 447
The Economic Costs Of Marital Dissolution: Why Do Women Bear A Disproportionate Cost?
Holden, K., & Smock, P. J. (1991) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.000411 · Cited by 406
Validation of the Radimer/Cornell Measures of Hunger and Food Insecurity
Kendall, A., Olson, C. M., & Frongillo, E. A. (1995) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/125.11.2793 · Cited by 364
Self-citationValidation of Measures of Food Insecurity and Hunger
Frongillo, E. A. (1999) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/129.2.506s · Cited by 347
Self-citationDepressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race
Heo, M., Pietrobelli, A., Fontaine, K. R., Sirey, J. A., & Faith, M. S. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803122 · Cited by 331
Gender Differences in Social Support: A Question of Skill or Responsiveness?
Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. R. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.79 · Cited by 329
Commensal eating patterns: a community study
Sobal, J., & Nelson, M. K. (2003) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(03)00078-3 · Cited by 325
Self-citationSocial Support in Couples: Marriage as a Resource in Times of Stress
Cutrona, C. E. (1996) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483327563 · Cited by 291
Food choices among newly married couples: convergence, conflict, individualism, and projects
Bove, C. F., Sobal, J., & Rauschenbach, B. S. (2003) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(02)00147-2 · Cited by 255
Self-citationSocial Support in Couples: Marriage as a Resource in Times of Stress
Pierce, G. R., & Cutrona, C. E. (1997) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353488 · Cited by 252
Marital status changes and body weight changes: a US longitudinal analysis
Sobal, J., Rauschenbach, B. S., & Frongillo, E. A. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00155-7 · Cited by 251
Self-citationCross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Body Mass Index and Marriage‐Related Factors
Jeffery, R. W., & Rick, A. M. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.109 · Cited by 226
Marital status, fatness and obesity
Sobal, J., Rauschenbach, B. S., & Frongillo, E. A. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90106-z · Cited by 207
Self-citationMarriage and divorce’s impact on wealth
Zagorsky, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/1440783305058478 · Cited by 171
Race and weight change in US women: the roles of socioeconomic and marital status.
Kahn, H. S., Williamson, D. F., & Stevens, J. (1991) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.81.3.319 · Cited by 159
Frongillo, E. A., Rauschenbach, B. S., Olson, C. M., Kendall, A., & Colmenares, A. G. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.699 · Cited by 143
Self-citationChoice of instrument influences relations between food insecurity and obesity in Latino women
Kaiser, L. L., Townsend, M. S., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., Fujii, M. L., & Crawford, P. B. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1372 · Cited by 120
Olson, C. M. (2005) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00008486-200510000-00005 · Cited by 105
Jones, S. J., & Frongillo, E. A. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.4.1091 · Cited by 94
Self-citationBauman, K. J. (1999) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2648055 · Cited by 90
Gender differences in the marriage and cohabitation income premium*
Light, A. (2004) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0016 · Cited by 89
Position of the American Dietetic Association
Olson, C. M., & Holben, D. H. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90408-6 · Cited by 78
The contributions of income, education and changing marital status to weight change among US men.
Kahn, H. S., & Williamson, D. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 71
Understanding Obesity and Program Participation in the Context of Poverty and Food Insecurity
Frongillo, E. A. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.7.2117 · Cited by 71
Self-citationSobal, J. (1984) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1300/j002v07n01_10 · Cited by 52
Self-citationNutritional Consequences of Food Insecurity in a Rural New York State CountyPreprint
Frongillo, E. A., Olson, C. M., Rauschenbach, B. S., & Kendall, A. (1997) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 47
Self-citationFactors affecting food choices of working mothers with young families
Kirk, M., & Gillespie, A. H. (1990) · Journal of Nutrition Education · doi:10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80917-4 · Cited by 38
Gender, marital status, and body weight in older U.S. adults
Sobal, J., & Rauschenbach, B. S. (2003) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-003-0007-y · Cited by 29
Self-citationSelf-reported concern about food security associated with obesity--Washington, 1995-1999.
(2003) · PubMed · Cited by 28
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Nord, 2005, Household food insecurity in the United States 2004, Food Assistance & Nutrition Research Program, Economic Research Report no. 11. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service;
- Basiotis, 2003, Food insufficiency and prevalence of overweight among adult women, Family Economics and Nutrition Review, 15, 55
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Food Insecurity And Health Outcomes
Gundersen, C., & Ziliak, J. P. (2015) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0645 · Cited by 1,877
Curriculum, K. (2006) · Cited by 768
Exploring Mediators of Food Insecurity and Obesity: A Review of Recent Literature
Franklin, B. E., Jones, A., Love, D., Puckett, S., Macklin, J., & White‐Means, S. I. (2011) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-011-9420-4 · Cited by 520
Food insecurity: special considerations for women
Ivers, L. C., & Cullen, K. A. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.012617 · Cited by 372
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Obesity among US Adults in 12 States
Pan, L., Sherry, B., Njai, R. S., & Blanck, H. M. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.011 · Cited by 343
Metadata
- Authors
- Hanson, K. L., Sobal, J., & Frongillo, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hanson, Karla L.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1460-1465
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2105772469
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 13.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- food insecurity, body weight, obesity, overweight, marital status, gender differences, married women, widows, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Food Supply, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Sex Factors, United States, Logistic Models, Marital Status, Overweight
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review