Cited by 888Menopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsEstrogen and related hormone effectsCancer Risks and Factors

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Breast Cancer Risk: Estrogen Versus Estrogen Plus Progestin

Ross, R. K.·2000·Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) given as unopposed estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) gained widespread popularity in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. Recent prescribing practices have favored combination HRT (CHRT), i.e., adding a progestin to estrogen for the entire monthly cycle (continuous combined replacement therapy [CCRT]) or a part of the cycle (sequential estrogen plus progestin therapy [SEPRT]). Few data exist on the association between CHRT and breast cancer risk. We determined the effects of CHRT on a woman's risk of developing breast cancer in a population-based, case-control study. METHODS: Case subjects included those with incident breast cancers diagnosed over 4(1/2) years in Los Angeles County, CA, in the late 1980s and 1990s. Control subjects were neighborhood residents who were individually matched to case subjects on age and race. Case subjects and control subjects were interviewed in person to collect information on known breast cancer risk factors as well as on HRT use. Information on 1897 postmenopausal case subjects and on 1637 postmenopausal control subjects aged 55-72 years who had not undergone a simple hysterectomy was analyzed. Breast cancer risks associated with the various types of HRT were estimated as odds ratios (ORs) after adjusting simultaneously for the different forms of HRT and for known risk factors of breast cancer. All P values are two-sided. RESULTS: HRT was associated with a 10% higher breast cancer risk for each 5 years of use (OR(5) = 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.18). Risk was substantially higher for CHRT use (OR(5) = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.07-1.45) than for ERT use (OR(5) = 1. 06; 95% CI = 0.97-1.15). Risk estimates were higher for SEPRT (OR(5) = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.13-1.68) than for CCRT (OR(5) = 1.09; 95% CI = 0. 88-1.35), but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides strong evidence that the addition of a progestin to HRT enhances markedly the risk of breast cancer relative to estrogen use alone. These findings have important implications for the risk-benefit equation for HRT in women using CHRT.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/jnci/92.4.328

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 888

MAP kinases couple multiple functions of human progesterone receptors: degradation, transcriptional synergy, and nuclear association
Qiu, M., & Lange, C. A. (2003) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00221-8 · Cited by 119
Mammographic Density Measured with Quantitative Computer-aided Method: Comparison with Radiologists' Estimates and BI-RADS Categories
Martin, K. E., Helvie, M. A., Zhou, C., Roubidoux, M. A., Bailey, J. E., Paramagul, C., Blane, C. E., Klein, K. A., Sonnad, S. S., & Chan, H. (2006) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2402041947 · Cited by 117
An overview of menopausal oestrogen–progestin hormone therapy and breast cancer risk
Lee, S. A., Ross, R. K., & Pike, M. C. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602617 · Cited by 117
Self-citation
Progesterone Receptor Isoforms A and B: Temporal and Spatial Differences in Expression during Murine Mammary Gland Development
Aupperlee, M. D., Smith, K. T., Kariagina, A., et al. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0346 · Cited by 117
Role of Lipid Peroxidation in the Epidemiology and Prevention of Breast Cancer
Gago-Domínguez, M., Castelao, J. E., Pike, M. C., Sevanian, A., & Haile, R. W. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0015 · Cited by 114
Membrane Progesterone Receptors (mPRs) Mediate Progestin Induced Antimorbidity in Breast Cancer Cells and Are Expressed in Human Breast Tumors
Dressing, G. E., Alyea, R. A., Pang, Y., & Thomas, P. (2012) · Hormones and Cancer · doi:10.1007/s12672-012-0106-x · Cited by 117
Perspectives on the soy-breast cancer relation
Messina, M., & Wu, A. H. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736v · Cited by 113
Progesterone involvement in breast development and tumorigenesis—as revealed by progesterone receptor “knockout” and “knockin” mouse models
Ismail, P. M., Amato, P., Soyal, S. M., DeMayo, F. J., Conneely, O. M., O’Malley, B. W., & Lydon, J. P. (2003) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00133-8 · Cited by 110
Ethnicity-related variation in breast cancer risk factors
Bernstein, L., Teal, C. R., Joslyn, S. A., & Wilson, J. (2002) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.11014 · Cited by 108
Estrogen–progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: the Women's Health Study (United States)
Porch, J. V., Lee, I., Cook, N. R., et al. (2002) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1020617415381 · Cited by 107
A comparative review of the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy regimens
Warren, M. P. (2004) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2003.09.033 · Cited by 107
GPR30 is positioned to mediate estrogen effects on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cognitive performance
Hammond, R., & Gibbs, R. B. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.098 · Cited by 105
State of the Evidence: The Connection Between Breast Cancer and the Environment
Gray, J., Evans, N., Taylor, B., Rizzo, J., & Walker, M. (2009) · International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1179/107735209799449761 · Cited by 128
Hot flashes--a review of the literature on alternative and complementary treatment approaches.
Philp, H. A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 98
Opportunities and Strategies for Breast Cancer Prevention Through Risk Reduction
Mahoney, M. C., Bevers, T. B., Linos, E., & Willett, W. C. (2008) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/ca.2008.0016 · Cited by 100
A functional polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene is associated with an increase in breast cancer risk.
Vivo, I. D., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., & Hunter, D. J. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 98
Safety of testosterone treatment in postmenopausal women
Braunstein, G. D. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.118 · Cited by 99
Steroid receptors and proliferation in the human breast
Clarke, R. B. (2003) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00122-3 · Cited by 97
Breast Cancer–Detection System Using PCA, Multilayer Perceptron, Transfer Learning, and Support Vector Machine
Chiu, H.-J., Li, T. S., & Kuo, P. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036912 · Cited by 105
Carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts activate progesterone receptors and induce hormone independent mammary tumor growth: A role for the FGF‐2/FGFR‐2 axis
Giulianelli, S., Cerliani, J. P., Lamb, C. A., Fabris, V. T., Bottino, M. C., Gorostiaga, M. A., Novaro, V., Góngora, A., Baldi, A., Molinolo, A., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23802 · Cited by 97
Risk of Breast Cancer with Progestins in Combination with Estrogen as Hormone Replacement Therapy
Santen, R. J., Pinkerton, J. V., McCartney, C. R., & Petroni, G. R. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.1.7269 · Cited by 96
Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: what is the true size of the increased risk?
Jones, M. E., Schoemaker, M. J., Wright, L. B., McFadden, E. C., Griffin, J. M., Thomas, D., Hemming, J., Wright, K. A., Ashworth, A., & Swerdlow, A. J. (2016) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.231 · Cited by 94
Hormone replacement therapy use and variations in the risk of breast cancer
Opatrny, L., Dell’Aniello, S., Assouline, S. E., & Suissa, S. (2007) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01520.x · Cited by 95
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)— risks and benefits
Barrett-Connor, E. L., & Stuenkel, C. A. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.423 · Cited by 95
Hormone replacement therapy: current controversies
Davison, S. L., & Davis, S. R. (2003) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01774.x · Cited by 94
Androgens and mammary growth and neoplasia
Dimitrakakis, C., Zhou, J., & Bondy, C. A. (2002) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)02979-5 · Cited by 97
Increased incidence of lobular breast cancer in women treated with hormone replacement therapy: implications for diagnosis, surgical and medical treatment
Biglia, N., Mariani, L. L., Sgrò, L. G., Mininanni, P., Moggio, G., & Sismondi, P. (2007) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-06-0060 · Cited by 93
The effects of tibolone on mood and libido
Davis, S. R. (2002) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/00042192-200205000-00004 · Cited by 94
Effects of estradiol with micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on risk markers for breast cancer in postmenopausal monkeys
Wood, C. E., Register, T. C., Lees, C. J., Chen, H., Kimrey, S., & Cline, J. M. (2006) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9276-y · Cited by 92
Could transdermal estradiol + progesterone be a safer postmenopausal HRT? A review
L'Hermite, M., Simoncini, T., Fuller, S. N., & Genazzani, A. R. (2008) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.07.007 · Cited by 91
Does Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Interact With Known Factors to Increase Risk of Breast Cancer?
Ursin, G. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.20.3.699 · Cited by 91
Effects of Weight Control and Physical Activity in Cancer Prevention
Kaaks, R., & Lukanova, A. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04118.x · Cited by 89
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Menopause
Goodman, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Ginzburg, S. B., Katz, I. A., Woode, D. E., Camacho, P. M., Manson, J. E., & Petak, S. M. (2011) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.17.s6.1 · Cited by 89
Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer
Chen, W. Y., & Colditz, G. A. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Oncology · doi:10.1038/ncponc0851 · Cited by 88
Identification of membrane progestin receptors in human breast cancer cell lines and biopsies and their potential involvement in breast cancer
Dressing, G. E., & Thomas, P. (2006) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2006.10.006 · Cited by 87
Progestin-Dependent Progression of Human Breast Tumor Xenografts: A Novel Model for Evaluating Antitumor Therapeutics
Liang, Y., Besch-Williford, C. L., Brekken, R. A., & Hyder, S. M. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1103 · Cited by 88
Eye problems in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen
Paganini‐Hill, A., & Clark, L. J. (2000) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1023/a:1006342300291 · Cited by 87
Current understanding of the epidemiology and clinical implications of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations for ovarian cancer
Narod, S. A., & Boyd, J. A. (2002) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00001703-200202000-00004 · Cited by 85
Comparison of the effects of genetic and environmental risk factors on in situ and invasive ductal breast cancer
REEVES, G. K., Pirie, K. L., Green, J., Bull, D., Beral, V., & Collaborators, F. T. M. W. S. (2011) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.26460 · Cited by 87
Physical Activity and Colon Cancer Risk among Women in the California Teachers Study
Mai, P. L., Sullivan‐Halley, J., Ursin, G., Stram, D. O., Deapen, D., Villaluna, D., Horn‐Ross, P. L., Clarke, C. A., Reynolds, P., Ross, R. K., et al. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0747 · Cited by 85
Self-citation
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 Is Critical for a Progestin-Induced Growth Inhibition in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
Ahola, T. M., Manninen, T., Alkio, N., & Ylikomi, T. J. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2001-211445 · Cited by 86
Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast carcinoma incidence rate ratios
Tjønneland, A. M., Christensen, J., Thomsen, B. L., et al. (2004) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.20250 · Cited by 86
Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
Staren, E. D., & Omer, S. (2004) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.12.063 · Cited by 87
Steroid receptors in human breast cancer
Clarke, R. B., Anderson, E., & Howell, A. (2004) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2004.07.004 · Cited by 85
Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society
The North American Menopause Society (2003) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/00042192-200310020-00003 · Cited by 85
Effects of tibolone and continuous combined hormone therapy on mammographic breast density and breast histochemical markers in postmenopausal women
Valdivia, I., Campodónico, I., Tapia, A., Capetillo, M., Espinoza, A., & Lavín, P. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.07.041 · Cited by 84
Associations of breast cancer risk factors with breast density in Hispanic women.
Gapstur, S. M., López, P., Colangelo, L. A., et al. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 83
Extra-Nuclear Signaling of Progesterone Receptor to Breast Cancer Cell Movement and Invasion through the Actin Cytoskeleton
Fu, X., Giretti, M. S., Baldacci, C., Garibaldi, S., Flamini, M. I., Sanchez, A. M., Gadducci, A., Genazzani, A. R., & Simoncini, T. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002790 · Cited by 85
Case-control study of increased mammographic breast density response to hormone replacement therapy.
Vachon, C. M., Sellers, T. A., Vierkant, R. A., Wu, F.-F., & Brandt, K. R. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 83
Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: heterogeneous risks by race, weight, and breast density.
Hou, N.-Q., Hong, S., Wang, W., Olopade, O., Dignam, J., & Huo, D. (2013) · Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djt207 · Cited by 84
An investigation of breast cancer risk factors in Cyprus: a case control study
Hadjisavvas, A., Loizidou, M. A., Middleton, N., Michael, T., Papachristoforou, R., Kakouri, E., Daniel, M., Papadopoulos, P., Malas, S., Marcou, Y., et al. (2010) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-447 · Cited by 83
Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials
Greiser, C. M., Greiser, E. M., & Dören, M. (2005) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmi031 · Cited by 82
Plasma Sex Hormone Concentrations and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer Among Women Using Postmenopausal Hormones
Tworoger, S. S., Missmer, S. A., Barbieri, R. L., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., & Hankinson, S. E. (2005) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dji099 · Cited by 80
A systematic review of non-hormonal treatments of vasomotor symptoms in climacteric and cancer patients
Drewe, J., Bucher, K. A., & Zahner, C. (2015) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0808-y · Cited by 81
Five novel hormone-responsive cell lines derived from murine mammary ductal carcinomas: in vivo and in vitro effects of estrogens and progestins.
Lanari, C., Lüthy, I. A., Lamb, C. A., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 80
Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Breast Epithelial Proliferation
Isaksson, E., Schoultz, E. V., Odlind, V., et al. (2001) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1023/a:1006482418082 · Cited by 80
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort
Brinton, L. A., Richesson, D. A., Leitzmann, M. F., Gierach, G. L., Schatzkin, A. G., Mouw, T., Hollenbeck, A. R., & Lacey, J. V. (2008) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0435 · Cited by 79
Pharmacological and endogenous progestins induce vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human breast cancer cells
Hyder, S. M., Chiappetta, C., & Stancel, G. M. (2001) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.1236 · Cited by 79
Perspectives on the Women's Health Initiative trial of hormone replacement therapy
Grimes, D. A. (2002) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02503-6 · Cited by 77
Progesterone facilitates chromosome instability (aneuploidy) in p53 null
Goepfert, T. M., McCarthy, M., Kittrell, F. S., Stephens, C. L., Ullrich, R. L., Brinkley, B. R., & Medina, D. (2000) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.00-0165com · Cited by 78
Estrogen, Estrogen Plus Progestin Therapy, and Risk of Breast Cancer
Colditz, G. A. (2005) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.909s.11.2 · Cited by 77
A critique of the Women’s Health Initiative hormone therapy study
Klaiber, E. L., Vogel, W., & Rako, S. (2005) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.010 · Cited by 78
Proliferation of Endothelial and Tumor Epithelial Cells by Progestin-Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor from Human Breast Cancer Cells: Paracrine and Autocrine Effects
Liang, Y., & Hyder, S. M. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0103 · Cited by 76
The Cost-effectiveness of Hormone Therapy in Younger and Older Postmenopausal Women
Salpeter, S. R., Buckley, N. S., Liu, H., & Salpeter, E. E. (2008) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.07.026 · Cited by 75
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Induces Cell Proliferation through Up-Regulation of Cyclin D1 Expression via Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Nuclear Factor-κB Cascade in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Saitoh, M., Ohmichi, M., Takahashi, K., Kawagoe, J., Ohta, T., Doshida, M., Takahashi, T., Igarashi, H., Mori-Abe, A., Du, B., et al. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-1535 · Cited by 75
Postmenopausal health interventions: Time to move on from the Women’s Health Initiative?
Zaw, J. J. T., Howe, P. R. C., & Wong, R. H. X. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.10.005 · Cited by 74
Efficacy and safety of a special extract of Rheum rhaponticum (ERr 731) in perimenopausal women with climacteric complaints
Heger, M., Ventskovskiy, B. M., Borzenko, I., Kneis, K. C., Rettenberger, R., Kaszkin-Bettag, M., & Heger, P. W. (2006) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000240632.08182.e4 · Cited by 74
The Medicalization of Menopause: Critique and Consequences
Meyer, V. (2001) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/m77d-yv2y-d5nu-fxnw · Cited by 78
Risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy: the evidence speaks.
Humphries, K. H., & Gill, S. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 74
Medical choices available for management of menopause
Farrell, E. A. (2003) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1521-690x(02)00087-8 · Cited by 74
Combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in a French cohort study of 3175 women
Lignieres, B. D., de Vathaire, F., Fournier, S., Urbinelli, R., Allaert, F., Lê, M. G., & Kuttenn, F. (2002) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/713605312 · Cited by 83
Current perspectives on benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy
Burkman, R. T., Collins, J. A., & Greene, R. A. (2001) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2001.117414 · Cited by 71
Breast cancer: insights in disease and influence of drug methotrexate
Yang, V., Gouveia, M. J., Santos, J., Koksch, B., Amorim, I., Gärtner, F., & Vale, N. (2020) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d0md00051e · Cited by 75
Apigenin Induces Apoptosis and Blocks Growth of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate-Dependent BT-474 Xenograft Tumors
Mafuvadze, B., Liang, Y., Besch-Williford, C. L., et al. (2012) · Hormones and Cancer · doi:10.1007/s12672-012-0114-x · Cited by 72
The Bioidentical Hormone Debate: Are Bioidentical Hormones (Estradiol, Estriol, and Progesterone) Safer or More Efficacious than Commonly Used Synthetic Versions in Hormone Replacement Therapy?
Holtorf, K. (2009) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.01.1949 · Cited by 71
Mammographic breast density during hormone replacement therapy: effects of continuous combination, unopposed transdermal and low-potency estrogen regimens
Lundström, E., Wilczek, B., von Palffy, Z., et al. (2001) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/cmt.4.1.42.48 · Cited by 70
Luteolin inhibits progestin-dependent angiogenesis, stem cell-like characteristics, and growth of human breast cancer xenografts
Cook, M. T., Liang, Y., Besch-Williford, C. L., et al. (2015) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1242-x · Cited by 69
Risk assessment and management of high risk familial breast cancer
Evans, D. G., & Lalloo, F. I. (2002) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.39.12.865 · Cited by 69
Prevention of Hormone-Related Cancers: Breast Cancer
Dunn, B. K., Wickerham, D. L., & Ford, L. G. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.08.028 · Cited by 69
The secreted protease Adamts18 links hormone action to activation of the mammary stem cell niche
Ataca, D., Aouad, P., Constantin, C., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15357-y · Cited by 68
Diabetes mellitus and gynecologic cancer: molecular mechanisms, epidemiological, clinical and prognostic perspectives
Vrachnis, N., Iavazzo, C. R., Iliodromiti, Z., Sifakis, S., Alexandrou, A. P., Siristatidis, C. S., Grigoriadis, C., Botsis, D. S., & Creatsas, G. C. (2015) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3858-z · Cited by 68
BMSCs reduce rat granulosa cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin and perimenopause
Guo, J., Gao, X., Lin, Z.-J., et al. (2013) · BMC Cell Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2121-14-18 · Cited by 68
Genetic polymorphisms in phase I and phase II enzymes and breast cancer risk associated with menopausal hormone therapy in postmenopausal women
The MARIE-GENICA Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility for Menopausal Hormone Therapy Related Breast Cancer Risk (2009) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0407-0 · Cited by 68
Are smoking-associated cancers prevented or postponed in women using hormone replacement therapy?
Olsson, H. L. (2003) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00564-7 · Cited by 68
The Modified Human DNA Repair EnzymeO6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Is a Negative Regulator of Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Transcription upon Alkylation DNA Damage
Teo, A. K.-C., Oh, H. K., Ali, R. B., & Li, B. F. L. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.20.7105-7114.2001 · Cited by 67
Impact of biological sex and sex hormones on molecular signatures of skeletal muscle at rest and in response to distinct exercise training modes
Pataky, M. W., Dasari, S., Michie, K. L., Sevits, K. J., Kumar, A., Klaus, K. A., Heppelmann, C. J. H., Robinson, M. M., Carter, R. E., Lanza, I. R., et al. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.010 · Cited by 67
Drug delivery systems for hormone therapy
Yoo, J.-W., & Lee, C. (2006) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.01.021 · Cited by 67
Phyto-oestrogens and osteoporosis: what is a safe dose?
Barnes, S. H. (2003) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002800 · Cited by 67
Mammographic Density, Estrogen Receptor Status and Other Breast Cancer Tumor Characteristics
Ding, J., Warren, R. M. L., Girling, A. C., et al. (2010) · The Breast Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4741.2010.00907.x · Cited by 66
Hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer risk in Chinese
Chen, K., Hsiao, C., Chang, G., et al. (2007) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.22987 · Cited by 66
Clarifying the PROGINS Allele Association in Ovarian and Breast Cancer Risk: A Haplotype-Based Analysis
Pearce, C. L., Hirschhorn, J. N., Wu, A. H., Burtt, N. P., Stram, D. O., Young, S. S., Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B. E., Altshuler, D., & Pike, M. C. (2005) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dji007 · Cited by 64
Effects of reproductive factors on risk of breast cancer: a literature review.
Parsa, P., & Parsa, B. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 66
A role for estrogen in skin ageing and dermal biomechanics
Wilkinson, H. N., & Hardman, M. J. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111513 · Cited by 72
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort
Lee, S. A., Kolonel, L. N., Wilkens, L. R., Wan, P. C., Henderson, B. E., & Pike, M. C. (2005) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21481 · Cited by 65
Soy Foods and Soybean Isoflavones and Menopausal Health
Messina, M. J. (2002) · Nutrition in Clinical Care · doi:10.1046/j.1523-5408.2002.05602.x · Cited by 64
Progesterone receptor enhances breast cancer cell motility and invasion via extranuclear activation of focal adhesion kinase
Fu, X., Goglia, L., Sanchez, A. M., Flamini, M. I., Giretti, M. S., Tosi, V., Genazzani, A. R., & Simoncini, T. (2010) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-09-0258 · Cited by 67
Polymorphisms in the BRCA1 and ABCB1 genes modulate menopausal hormone therapy associated breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women
The MARIE-GENICA Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility for Menopausal Hormone Therapy Related Breast Cancer Risk (2009) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0489-8 · Cited by 64
Common risk factors of breast and ovarian cancer: recent view
Zografos, G., Πάνου, Μ., & Panou, N. (2004) · International Journal of Gynecological Cancer · doi:10.1111/j.1048-891x.2004.14503.x · Cited by 64
Breast Cancer Epidemiology
Lacey, J. V., Chung, N. T., & Bernstein, L. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384978-6.00072-8 · Cited by 64
Menopause, hormone replacement therapy and cancer
Vecchia, C. L., Brinton, L. A., & McTiernan, A. (2001) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/s0378-5122(01)00213-4 · Cited by 63

Authors: Ross, R. K.
Affiliations: USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
Corresponding author: Ross, R. K.
Venue: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2000-02-16
Volume: 92
Issue: 4
Pages: 328-332
ISSN: 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
1460-2105
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.4.328
OpenAlex: W3022279537
Cited by: 877
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 73.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01pc067010-004)
National Cancer Institute (CA 17054, P01CA017054, CA14089, P30CA014089, PC67010)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
Keywords: hormone replacement therapy, breast cancer risk, estrogen plus progestin, postmenopausal women, hormone-dependent breast cancer, breast cancer risk factors, duration of HRT use, Los Angeles
MeSH terms: Aged, Breast Neoplasms, California, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Progestins, Risk, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Breast Cancer Risk: Estrogen Versus Estrogen Plus Progestin

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks