Do smokers crave cigarettes in some smoking situations more than others? Situational correlates of craving when smoking
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Introduction Smokers tend to smoke when experiencing craving, but even within smoking occasions, craving may vary. We examine variations in craving when people were smoking in various real-world situations. Methods Using Ecological Momentary Assessment, 394 smokers recorded smoking, craving, and smoking context in real time on electronic diaries over 2 weeks of ad libitum smoking. Assessments occurred immediately prior to smoking. Mixed modeling was used to analyze associations between craving and situational variables. Results Craving varied across smoking situations, but the differences were small ( Discussion Even though most craving reports prior to smoking were high, and situations were thus expected to have little influence on craving, results suggest that some cigarettes are craved more than others across different smoking situations, but differences are small.
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Negative affect is highly predictive of cigarette craving in both the laboratory and natural environment.
“For example, in both the laboratory and natural environment, NA is highly predictive of cigarette craving (Dunbar, Scharf, Kirchner, & Shiffman, 2010; Heckman et al., 2013; Shiyko, Naab, Shiffman, & Li, 2014).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Dunbar, Scharf, Kirchner, & Shiffman, 2010
In the natural environment, support for positive affect contributing to ad libitum smoking behavior has been mixed, with some EMA studies reporting a positive association with cigarette craving and smoking and others finding no relationship.
“In the natural environment, support for PA contributing to ad libitum smoking behavior has been mixed, with some EMA studies reporting a positive association with cigarette craving and smoking (Dunbar et al., 2010; Shiffman et al., 2014; Shiffman & Paty, 2006) and others finding no relationship (Shiffman et al., 2002; Shiffman & Waters, 2004).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Dunbar et al., 2010
PA has been relatively under-represented as an independent predictor in EMA studies with mixed results when it is examined.
“As compared to NA, PA has been relatively under-represented as an independent predictor in EMA studies with mixed results when it is examined (e.g. Dunbar et al., 2010; Shiffman et al., 2002, 2014; Shiffman & Waters, 2004).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Dunbar et al., 2010
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References 53 · Cited by 64
- Authors
- Dunbar, M. S., Scharf, D., Kirchner, T., & Shiffman, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-02-04
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 226-234
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- PMC
- PMC2825101
- OpenAlex
- W2043925508
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH054318, R-25 MH 54318-11-HAAS)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 06084, R01DA006084)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- cigarette craving, smoking restrictions, social smoking, time of day, tobacco use
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult
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