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Cigarette smoking, relative weight, and menopause.
Abstract
To examine the interrelationships of cigarette smoking, relative weight, and the occurrence of natural menopause, the authors prospectively evaluated the experience of 66,663 female US registered nurses who were premenopausal in 1976. Over a two-year period, 5004 women became post-menopausal. Current smokers were more likely than past or never smokers to develop menopause, although the effects of smoking diminished with age. The rate ratios of menopause for current smokers vs. never smokers (with 95% confidence limits) for women aged 30-39, 40-44, 45-49, and 50-55 years were 1.90 (1.10-3.28), 2.16 (1.73-2.69), 1.53 (1.41-1.67), and 1.20 (1.12-1.28). These rate ratios were not appreciably affected by adjustment for relative weight. Median ages at menopause were 52.4 for never smokers and 51.9, 51.0, 50.7, and 50.4 years for women who currently smoked 1-14, 15-24, 25-34, and 35 or more cigarettes per day. A crude linear relationship between relative weight and occurrence of menopause was observed. Comparing the leanest and heaviest quintiles, rate ratios for menopause among women aged 30-39, 40-44, 45-49, and 50-55 years were 1.42 (0.74-2.75), 1.26 (0.95-1.69), 1.25 (1.13-1.41) and 1.08 (0.99-1.19). The effect of relative weight was in part explained by the tendency of current smokers to weigh less than nonsmokers. After adjustment for current cigarette consumption a weak linear relationship between relative weight and menopause remained among women who smoked, although no such association was seen among nonsmokers.
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“women who smoke have an earlier age of menopause (5,6)”
From Nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine inhibit aromatase in human trophoblast in vitro. (1986) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“The correlation between self-reported and measured weight, as found in selected studies [100], [101], does not remove the possibility of bias because even with perfect correlation, the absolute bias in self-reported weight and height may be a function of its true value.”
From The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors (2009) · cites this paper as [100]
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Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.
Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa010492 · Cited by 2,901
Self-citationDanaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 · Cited by 2,860
Body Weight and Mortality among Women
Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., Hankinson, S. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199509143331101 · Cited by 2,005
Self-citationHu, F. B., Li, T. Y., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1785 · Cited by 1,892
Self-citationRidker, P. M., Buring, J. E., Rifai, N., & Cook, N. R. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.6.611 · Cited by 1,814
Metadata
- Authors
- WILLETT, W., STAMPFER, M. J., BAIN, C., LIPNICK, R., SPEIZER, F. E., ROSNER, B., CRAMER, D., & HENNEKENS, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- WILLETT, WALTER
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1983-06
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 651-658
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W1941832839
- Cited by
- 558
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 5.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, menopause, relative weight, body weight, age at menopause, smoking cessation, women's health, registered nurses
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Body Weight, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Menopause, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking
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