The DOI matches its Crossref record.
INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY OF INFANTILE DIARRHEA AND MAJOR ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION IN HUASCAR, PERU
Abstract
Community-based studies of diarrhea etiology and epidemiology were carried out from July 1982-June 1984 in 153 infants residing in a poor peri-urban community near Lima, Peru. Study infants had nearly 10 episodes of diarrhea in their first year of life. Diarrhea episodes were associated with organisms such as Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium. These organisms appeared to be transmitted to infants in the home through animal feces, through contaminated water and food, and by direct person-to-person contact. A particularly important route of transmission may have been weaning foods, which were often contaminated because of improper preparation and inadequate cleaning of utensils. Improved feeding practices, along with avoidance of animal feces and improved personal and domestic hygiene, should be considered important interventions in reducing the high incidence of diarrhea in infants in developing countries.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, symptomatic rotavirus disease is less common in the first than in the second 6 months of life.55”
From Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea (2013) · cites this paper as [55]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 275
Theory-driven behavioral intervention research for the control of diarrheal diseases
STANTON, B. F., Black, R. E., Engle, P. L., & Pelto, G. H. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90044-q · Cited by 48
Self-citationBrown, K., Peerson, J., de Romaña, G. L., et al. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.1.26 · Cited by 48
Self-citationSimplified method for recovery and PCR detection of Cryptosporidium DNA from bovine feces
Leng, X., Mosier, D. A., & Oberst, R. D. (1996) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.62.2.643-647.1996 · Cited by 48
Shigellosis in neonates and young infants
Huskins, W. C., Griffiths, J. K., Faruque, A. S. G., et al. (1994) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70115-6 · Cited by 47
“249 Blood leukocyte count (Xl09/L) 15 (3-42) 14 (4-80) 0.”
Características etiológicas, clínicas y sociodemográficas de la diarrea aguda en Venezuela
Urrestarazu, M. I., Liprandi, F., de Suárez, E. P., et al. (1999) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49891999000800001 · Cited by 47
“Esta situacin es similar a la descrita en otros pases en desarrollo (24, 26, 34, 35) y podra obedecer a la adquisicin de inmunidad durante pocas tempranas de la vida, que probablemente protege contra la enfermedad sin impedir la aparicin de reinfecciones, como se ha demostrado en estudios serolgicos anteriores…”
BackgroundLanata, C. F., HUTTLY, S. R. A., & Yeager, B. (1998) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-199801000-00003 · Cited by 46
Food safety in Peru: A review of fresh produce production and challenges in the public health system
Ramírez-Hernández, A., Galagarza, Ó. A., Rodríguez, M. V. Á., Vera, E. P., Ortiz, M. D. C. V., Deering, A. J., & Oliver, H. F. (2020) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12647 · Cited by 46
“The lack of sanitary facilities (Grados, Bravo, Black, & Butzler, 1988; Marquis et al., 1990) and drinking and eating contaminated water and food (Black et al., 1989; Gil et al., 2014) are the primary causes.”
BackgroundOptimal Complementary Feeding Practices to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition in Developing Countries
Brown, K. H., Creed‐Kanashiro, H., & Dewey, K. G. (1995) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482659501600407 · Cited by 46
“In household studies in Peru, we found that food rarely harboured faecal organisms immediately after cooking [59].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPazzaglia, G., Sack, R. B., Salazar, E., et al. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.29.6.1151-1156.1991 · Cited by 46
“The high prevalence and strong association with disease reported in this study may at first appear to be at odds with earlier community-based studies in Lima which demonstrated significantly lower frequencies of isolation and little or no association with disease (2, 10).”
BackgroundResultMonte, C. M. G., Ashworth, A., Nations, M. K., Lima, A. Â. M., Barreto, A. A. S., & HUTTLY, S. R. A. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00241-9 · Cited by 44
Infant Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status of Children in North Western Nigeria
Matthew, A. K., Amodu, A. D., Sani, I., et al. (2008) · Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3923/ajcn.2009.12.22 · Cited by 45
Options for the Prevention of Rotavirus Disease Other Than Vaccination
Mrukowicz, J. Z., Szajewska, H., & Vesikari, T. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31816f79b0 · Cited by 45
Nutritional Management of Persistent Diarrhea in Childhood: A Perspective from the Developing World
Bhutta, Z. A., & Hendricks, K. M. (1996) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-199601000-00005 · Cited by 45
Parvez, S. M., Kwong, L. H., Rahman, M. J., Ercümen, A., Pickering, A. J., Ghosh, P. K., Rahman, M. Z., Das, K. K., Luby, S. P., & UNICOMB, L. E. (2017) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12849 · Cited by 44
“coli contamination (≥100 MPN/dry g) in 12% of complementary food samples in rural Bangladeshi households, which is similar to studies from other low-income settings [27, 28].”
BackgroundResultAn overview of the use of fermented foods for child feeding in Tanzania
Lorri, W., & Svanberg, U. (1995) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.1995.9991448 · Cited by 44
Clemens, J. D., Rao, M. R., Chakraborty, J., et al. (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.100.6.e2 · Cited by 44
Preserving breastfeeding practice through the HIV pandemic
Coovadia, H. M., & Bland, R. (2007) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01895.x · Cited by 43
“Exclusive breastfeeding reduces exposure of the infant to environmental pathogens in contaminated water, foods and feeding utensils (Black et al. 1989).”
BackgroundBreastfeeding in Bolivia – information and attitudes
Ludvigsson, J. F. (2003) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-3-4 · Cited by 41
“This is especially important in a poor area of the world where the prevalence of gastroenteritis is high [39].”
BackgroundOberhelman, R. A., Gilman, R. H., Sheen, P., Cordova, J., Taylor, D. N., Zimic, M., Meza, R. A., Perez, J., Lebron, C., Cabrera, L. Z., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/367676 · Cited by 40
Infant diet and salmonellosis.
Haddock, R. L., Cousens, S., & Guzman, C. C. (1991) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.81.8.997 · Cited by 40
Determinants of Neonatal and Post-neonatal Mortality in Pakistan
Mahmood, M. (2002) · The Pakistan Development Review · doi:10.30541/v41i4iipp.723-744 · Cited by 39
Greenberg, B. L., Sack, R. B., Salazar‐Lindo, E., et al. (1991) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/163.3.495 · Cited by 39
“l^c) and ETEC (7^) were the most common pathogens found during diarrhea [28].”
BackgroundResultGuptill, K., Esrey, S. A., Oni, G. A., et al. (1993) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90063-a · Cited by 39
Self-citationToward Complementary Food Hygiene Practices among Child Caregivers in Rural Malawi
Chidziwisano, K., Slekiene, J., Kumwenda, S., Mosler, H., & Morse, T. (2019) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0639 · Cited by 39
Complementary feeding of young children in Africa and the Middle East
Dop, M., Benbouzid, D., Trèche, S., et al. (1999) · Cited by 38
Heresi, G. P., Pizarro, F., Olivares, M., Marisol Cayazzo, C., Hertrampf, E., Walter, T., Murphy, J. R., & Abraham Stekel, G. (1995) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365549509032736 · Cited by 36
Omore, R., Tate, J. E., O’Reilly, C. E., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160060 · Cited by 37
“Therefore as we have observed in this study and as shown from other settings, the rate of illness declines as the child’s age increases and probably as children acquire immunity increasingly from subsequent rotavirus infections[35].”
ResultPotential for immunological supplementation of foods
Facon, M., Skura, B. J., & Nakai, S. (1993) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540109309354787 · Cited by 37
Maternal Zinc Supplementation Reduces Diarrheal Morbidity in Peruvian Infants
Iannotti, L. L., Zavaleta, N., León, Z., Huasquiche, C., Shankar, A. H., & Caulfield, L. E. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.023 · Cited by 36
Moyo, S. J., Kommedal, Ø., Blomberg, B., Hanevik, K., Tellevik, M. G., Maselle, S. Y., & Langeland, N. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx173 · Cited by 36
“This finding concurs with the findings of other case-control studies that have compared monoinfection versus coinfection (39, 40).”
ResultAn Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI)
Meningococcal, C. (2007) · Cited by 35
Harvey, S. A. (2018) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-17-00328 · Cited by 34
Cochrane review: Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea
Ejemot-Nwadiaro, R. I., Ehiri, J. E., Meremikwu, M. M., & Critchley, J. (2009) · Evidence-Based Child Health A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.373 · Cited by 37
Sommerfelt, H., Grewal, H. M. S., & Bhan, M. K. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.28.1.49-54.1990 · Cited by 34
“DNA hybridization assays are well suited for large-scale epidemiological studies (1, 2).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of Rotavirus and Cholera in Children Aged Less Than Five Years in Rural Bangladesh
Siddique, A., Ahmed, S., Iqbal, A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.3329/jhpn.v29i1.7560 · Cited by 33
Travelers' Diarrhea: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Prevention, and Therapy
DuPont, H. L., & Khan, F. M. (1994) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.1994.tb00568.x · Cited by 33
Gicquelais, K. G., Baldini, M. M., Martinez, J. P. D. O., Leonardo Maggi, C., Martin, W., Prado, V., Kaper, J. B., & Levine, M. M. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.28.11.2485-2490.1990 · Cited by 33
“coli with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity was an important advance, enabling epidemiological studies to be supported by a single assay (2, 6, 14, 19, 25, 26).”
BackgroundFermented Cereal Gruels: Towards a Solution of the Weanling's Dilemma
Mensah, P., Drasan, B. S., Harrison, T. J., et al. (1991) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482659101300133 · Cited by 32
“That foods especially prepared for feeding young children may become more contaminated than the foods consumed by the whole family is a matter of great concern [4].”
BackgroundDIARRHEAL DISEASES IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
DuPont, H. L. (1995) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30662-0 · Cited by 32
(2011) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_3809 · Cited by 30
Ruel, M. T., Menon, P., Loechl, C., et al. (2004) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482650402500406 · Cited by 29
“In periurban Peru, for example, 35% of bottle nipples tested positive for Escherichia coli [32], and in a semiurban slum in India, 54% of milk samples were contaminated by bacteria [33].”
BackgroundIntestinal parasitism in Peruvian children and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species
Soldán, O. M. C. P., Vargas-Vásquez, F., Varas, A. G., et al. (2006) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-005-0114-7 · Cited by 29
Enteroadherent Escherichia coli: a heterogeneous group of E. coli implicated as diarrhoeal pathogens
Savarino, S. J. (1993) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90539-3 · Cited by 27
Strina, A., Cairncross, S., Prado, M. S., et al. (2005) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.07.007 · Cited by 28
Household behaviors in the management of diarrhea and their relevance for persistent diarrhea
Bentley, M. E. (1992) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12372.x · Cited by 27
“Mothers and caretakers are concerned when diarrhea occurs, despite the fact that it is a common illness, occurring as many as 8-10 times/year in some settings (8, 9).”
BackgroundBick, S., Périères, L., D’Mello-Guyett, L., Baker, K. K., Brown, J. M., Muneme, B., Nalá, R., Dreibelbis, R., & Cumming, O. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12991 · Cited by 25
“, 2017), including in low-income urban/peri-urban areas (Black et al., 1989; Mølbak, Højlyng, Jepsen, & Gaarslev, 1989; Sheth, Patel, Sharma, & Seshadri, 2000; Touré et al., 2011).”
Alvarado, R., Zepeda, A., Rivero, S., et al. (1999) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.1999.00133.x · Cited by 26
Breast-feeding and the nutritional status of nursing children in Chile.
Castillo, C., Atalah, E., Riumalló, J., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 26
Population Density, Poor Sanitation, and Enteric Infections in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala
Jarquín, C., Arnold, B. F., Muñoz, F., López, B., Cuéllar, V. M., Thornton, A., Patel, J. C., Reyes, L., Roy, S. L., Bryan, J. P., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0555 · Cited by 29
“and rotavirus in higher density areas—both pathogens are most likely dominated by person-to-person transmission.(33)”
Kingamkono, R. R., Sjögren, E., & Svanberg, U. (1998) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1023/a:1008800701894 · Cited by 25
Long, K. Z., Vasquez-Garibay, E. M., Mathewson, J. J., et al. (1999) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36341999000400003 · Cited by 25
The Epidemiologic Importance of Dysentery in Communities
Henry, F. J. (1991) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/13.supplement_4.s238 · Cited by 25
“These studies and others [14] provide consistent evidence that a significant number of children with shigellosis and dysentery endure prolonged episodes of illness.”
ResultDeterminants of Childhood Zoonotic Enteric Infections in a Semirural Community of Quito, Ecuador
Lowenstein, C., Vasco, K. A., Sarzosa, S., Salinas, L., Torres, A., Perry, M. J., Simmens, S. J., Trueba, G. A., Eisenberg, J. N. S., & Graham, J. P. (2020) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0690 · Cited by 24
Han, L., Gao, X., Liao, M., Yu, X., Ruijie, Z., Liu, S., & Zeng, F. (2020) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.10.020436 · Cited by 24
Watson, F., Ngesa, A. M., Onyang'o, J., et al. (1996) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637489609012579 · Cited by 23
The relationship between infant feeding practices and diarrhoeal infections
Ziyane, I. S. (1999) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00942.x · Cited by 23
Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhoea 1 Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea
Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., Nair, H., & Campbell, H. J. (2013) · Cited by 22
Intestinal protein loss in shigellosis
Black, R. E., & Levine, M. M. (1991) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80540-8 · Cited by 22
Self-citationSeasonal change in nutritional status among young children in an urban shanty town in Peru
Marín, C. M., Segura, J., Bern, C., Freedman, D. S., Lescano, A. G., Benavente, L., Cordero, L., Clavijo, L., & Gilman, J. B. (1996) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90541-6 · Cited by 22
Rothstein, J. D., Mendoza, A. L., Cabrera, L. Z., Pachas, J., Calderon, M. M., Pajuelo, M. J., Caulfield, L. E., WINCH, P. J., & Gilman, R. H. (2019) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0301 · Cited by 20
Tetteh, G. L., Sefa‐Dedeh, S., Phillips, R. D., & Beuchat, L. R. (2003) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00301-5 · Cited by 21
Castillo, R., Grados, P., Cárcamo, C., et al. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.29.2.413-414.1991 · Cited by 21
“It was the most common helminth detected in stool examinations in a survey in a Peruvian urban shanty town (2, 9).”
Uso de chupeta em crianças: contaminação fecal e associação com diarréia
Tomasi, E., Victora, C. G., Post, P. R., et al. (1994) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89101994000500011 · Cited by 21
Evaluation of a Breastfeeding-Support Programme with Health Promoters’ Participation
Alvarado, M. R., Atalah, S. E., Diaz, F. S., Rivero, V. S., Labbe, D. M., & Escudero, P. Y. (1996) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482659601700110 · Cited by 20
“In addition, breastfeeding allows for better mother-child interaction, which represents a stimulus of the child’s psychomotor development [4-9].”
BackgroundSmith, G. D., Gorter, A., Hoppenbrouwer, J., et al. (1993) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90350-d · Cited by 20
Assessing the environmental context of hand washing among school children in Limpopo, South Africa
Bulled, N. L., Poppe, K., Ramatsisti, K., Sitsula, L., Winegar, G., Gumbo, J. R., Dillingham, R., & Smith, J. A. (2017) · Water International · doi:10.1080/02508060.2017.1335140 · Cited by 19
“…after defecation (Curtis et al., 1995; Lanata, Huttly, & Yeager, 1998; LeBaron et al., 1990; Traore et al., 1994), improper handling of ready-to-eat foods (US Department of Health Services, 1999), contaminated drinking water (WHO/UNICEF, 2012), and person-to-person contact (Black et al., 1989).”
BackgroundYusof, R. M., Haque, F., Ismail, M., et al. (2000) · Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1046/j.1440-6047.2000.00154.x · Cited by 19
Hossain, S., & Mihrshahi, S. (2024) · International Breastfeeding Journal · doi:10.1186/s13006-024-00644-x · Cited by 18
Oral gentamicin is not effective treatment for persistent diarrhea
Bartlett, A. V., Torún, B., Morales, C., et al. (1992) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12390.x · Cited by 18
Darmstadt, G. L., Zaidi, A. K. M., & Stoll, B. J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6400-8.00002-x · Cited by 18
Neonatal feeding patterns and reports of insufficient milk among low‐income urban Mexican mothers
Pérez‐Escamilla, R., Mejía, L. A., & Dewey, K. G. (1992) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.1992.9991231 · Cited by 17
Epidemiological model of diarrhoeal diseases and its application in prevention and control
José, M. V., & Bobadilla, J. R. (1994) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/0264-410x(94)90047-7 · Cited by 16
María Perales, D., Camiña, M., & Quiñones, C. (2002) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.17843/rpmesp.2002.194.831 · Cited by 15
A Model of Child Morbidity, Mortality, and Health Interventions
Becker, S., & Black, R. E. (1996) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137715 · Cited by 15
“The diarrheal incidence rates were determined from community-based studies in the three settings (Black et al. 1982, Black et al. 1989; Oyejide and Fagbami, 1988).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNon-bacterial diarrhoea in children in the Philippines
Paje-Villar, E., Co, B., Caradang, E. H., et al. (1994) · Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology · doi:10.1080/00034983.1994.11812835 · Cited by 15
Virulence factors of entericEscherichia coliin young Aboriginal children in north-west Australia
Gunzburg, S. T., Chang, B. J., Burke, V., et al. (1992) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268800050238 · Cited by 14
“coli contamination of stored water has been observed in the hotter months in Peru [20] but this is not a likely factor in our studies as water is not stored in this way in Aboriginal communities which are serviced with piped water from deep underground sources.”
BackgroundEnvironmental and behavioural risk factors for prolonged diarrhoea in Nigerian children.
Ekanem, E. E., Adedeji, O. T., & Akitoye, C. O. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 14
Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: IV. Child care practices
Zaman, S., Jalil, F., & KARLBERG, J. P. E. (1993) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12905.x · Cited by 14
Chicken as potential contamination source of Campylocacter lari in Iquitos, Peru
Tresierra-Ayala, Á., Bendayán, M. E., Bernuy, A., et al. (1994) · Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo · doi:10.1590/s0036-46651994000600004 · Cited by 13
Do child feeding practices change due to diarrhoea in the Central Peruvian Highlands?
Huffman, S. L., de Romaña, G. L., Madrid, S., et al. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Self-citationMannan, S. R., & Rahman, M. A. (1970) · Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal · doi:10.3329/akmmcj.v1i2.7458 · Cited by 12
Major Enteropathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Diarrheal Patients in Bolivia: A Hospital‐Based Study
Utsunomiya, A., Elío‐Calvo, D., Reyes, A. A. B., Castro, E. S., Rodríguez, E., Tress, C., de Corzo, J. I. Z., Hannover, E., Akemi, K. A. I., Tamura, K., et al. (1995) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03281.x · Cited by 10
Transient risk factors for acute childhood diarrhoea in an urban community of Papua New Guinea
Bukenya, G. B., & Nwokolo, N. C. (1990) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(90)90107-p · Cited by 11
Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea
Ehiri, J. E., & Ejere, H. O. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004265 · Cited by 11
Uddin, I. M., Endres, K., Parvin, T., Bhuyian, M. S. I., Zohura, F., Masud, J., Monira, S., Hasan, M. T., Biswas, S. K., Sultana, M., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.22-0129 · Cited by 10
“15,45 The Cholera-Hospital-Based-Intervention-for-7-Days (CHoBI7) program, developed by our research group in Bangladesh, is a handwashing-with-soap and drinking-water-treatment intervention for household members of diarrhea patients.”
BackgroundNeonatal infections: A global perspective
Imam, F. B., Darmstadt, G. L., & Zaidi, A. K. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-79525-8.00011-1 · Cited by 10
Prevalence of VP4 and VP7 genotypes of human rotavirus in Ecuadorian children with acute diarrhea
Naranjo, A., Cedeño, C., Terán, E., et al. (2008) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.21181 · Cited by 10
“Diarrhea usually is present during 3–8 days and is self-limited [Black et al., 1989; Bass and Greenberg, 1995].”
BackgroundNutrition Issues in Developing Countries
Institute of Medicine (1992) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/1979 · Cited by 9
Urea-induced release of heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli
Qu, Z., Boesman-Finkelstein, M., & Finkelstein, R. A. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.29.4.773-777.1991 · Cited by 8
“Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of acute diarrheal disease in developing countries as well as among travelers in such areas (1-3, 26).”
BackgroundOral challenge with Aeromonas in protein-malnourished mice.
Pazzaglia, G., Winoto, I. L., & Jennings, G. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 8
The role of the duodenal microflora as a determinant of persistent diarrhoea
Penny, M. E. (1992) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12383.x · Cited by 8
Intestinal Infections: Overview
Hamer, D. H., Gill, C. J., & Chilengi, R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00240-x · Cited by 8
Park, J. M., You, Y., Cho, H., et al. (2017) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.3.02 · Cited by 7
Tiwari, V., Anand, Y., Gupta, A., et al. (2021) · Indian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.4103/ijn.ijn_169_20 · Cited by 7
Infant feeding and infectious disease
Filteau, S., & Tomkins, A. M. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3212-9_6 · Cited by 7
Child Care Hygiene Practices of Women Migrating From Rural to Urban Areas of Bangladesh
Begum, H., Moneesha, S. S., & Sayem, A. M. (2011) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539511420132 · Cited by 7
“Specific to Bangladesh, weaning food given to children contains substantial amounts of bacteria.(5) Unclean utensils were also considered as a source of food contamination.”
BackgroundEr, J., Benavides, B., Jc, B., et al. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Literature Review on Rotavirus: Disease and Vaccine Characteristics
Ford-Jones, E. L., & Calvin, S. (2010) · Canada Communicable Disease Report · doi:10.14745/ccdr.v36i00a14 · Cited by 7
How Many Bacteria Does It Take To Cause Diarrhea and Why?
Small, P. L. C. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555818340.ch32 · Cited by 7
Breastfeeding in the United States Today: Are Families Prepared?
Slusser, W. M., & Lange, L. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499753.007 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- BLACK, R. E., LOPEZ DE ROMA, G., BROWN, K. H., BRAVO, N., GRADOS BAZALAR, O., & CREED KANASHTRO, H.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Instituto Nacional de Salud (PE)
- Corresponding author
- BLACK, ROBERT E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1989-04
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 785-799
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W1933189170
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 15.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Keywords
- infant diarrhea, etiology of diarrhea, transmission routes, Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, complementary foods, animal feces, person-to-person contact, household transmission, infant feeding practices, hygiene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Campylobacter fetus, Diarrhea, Infantile, Escherichia coli, Feces, Food Contamination, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Peru, Urban Health, Water Supply
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
