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The Association between Weight, Physical Activity, and Stress and Variation in the Length of the Menstrual Cycle
Abstract
The association between weight, physical activity, and stress and variation in the length of the menstrual cycle was prospectively examined in 166 college women, aged 17-19 years, who kept menstrual diaries during their freshman year. The unadjusted probability of a menstrual cycle being longer than 43 days was 5%. Women with a history of long cycles were more likely to have a long cycle during the study (odds ratio (OR) = 4.3). Stressors, characterized by situations which create a demand for performance or require adjustments to new demands, also increased the risk of a long cycle. Odds ratios for gain events and for coping with multiple performance demands (2 vs. 0) were 1.9. Starting college increased the risk of long cycles (OR = 2.3) regardless of whether a woman had left home. Moderate exercise minimally increased the probability of a long cycle (OR = 1.1, 75th vs. 50th percentiles). Change in weight (OR = 1.9) and being overweight (OR = 1.2, 15% above standard weight for height) were independently associated with the probability of long cycles. When 17- to 43-day cycles were evaluated, a history of long cycles lengthened expected cycle length by 1.42 days, while dieting, living on campus, and starting college tended to shorten expected length by 1.38, 0.90, and 0.64 days, respectively. Further investigation of the biologic mechanisms that mediate the stress effect is warranted.
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“Cycle characteristics also may be affected by ethnicity, high body mass index (BMI), stress and lifestyle factors.8,10–12”
From Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Harlow, S. D., & Matanoski, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1991-01-01
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 38-49
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2129586456
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle length, weight change, physical activity, stress, female university students, dieting, transition to college, performance requirements, coping
- MeSH terms
- Body Weight, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Prospective Studies, Stress, Physiological, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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