The DOI matches its Crossref record.
BCG vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy
Abstract
This paper reviews the origin, use, protective efficacy and public health impact of BCG vaccines. The problem of evaluating their efficacy is discussed with reference to various hypotheses which have been proposed to explain the divergent estimates obtained in studies carried out in different areas of the world. It is concluded that, despite the apparent variation in protective efficacy, the extensive use of BCG vaccines (more than three billion doses worldwide in four decades) means that they have had a substantial impact on tuberculosis and leprosy. The problem of explaining BCG's varying protection remains unsolved but of great importance, because of the scale of BCG use and current effort to develop improved vaccines against tuberculosis and leprosy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
(2000) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.16141 · Cited by 1,525
Tuberculosis: Commentary on a Reemergent Killer
Bloom, B. R., & Murray, C. J. L. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1055 · Cited by 1,373
Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Mangtani, P., Abubakar, I., Ariti, C., Beynon, R., Pimpin, L., Fine, P. E. M., Rodrigues, L. C., Smith, P. G., Lipman, M., Whiting, P. F., et al. (2014) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit790 · Cited by 995
Self-citationThe BCG Story: Lessons from the Past and Implications for the Future
Fine, P. E. M. (1989) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_2.s353 · Cited by 295
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fine, P. E. M.
- Venue
- British Medical Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1988
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 691-703
- ISSN
- 0007-1420 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-8391
- OpenAlex
- W1888535285
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: BCG vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072277
- The paper
- Fine, P. E. M. (1988). BCG vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy. British Medical Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072277
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
