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Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys
Abstract
Many surveys of the U.S. household population are experiencing higher refusal rates. Nonresponse can, but need not, induce nonresponse bias in survey estimates. Recent empirical findings illustrate cases when the linkage between nonresponse rates and nonresponse biases is absent. Despite this, professional standards continue to urge high response rates. Statistical expressions of nonresponse bias can be translated into causal models to guide hypotheses about when nonresponse causes bias. Alternative designs to measure nonresponse bias exist, providing different but incomplete information about the nature of the bias. A synthesis of research studies estimating nonresponse bias shows the bias often present. A logical question at this moment in history is what advantage probability sample surveys have if they suffer from high nonresponse rates. Since postsurvey adjustment for nonresponse requires auxiliary variables, the answer depends on the nature of the design and the quality of the auxiliary variables.
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“when a survey loses its overall statistical representativeness (for example, through bias in coverage or non-response), which is difficult to repair (for example, by weighting or modelling on observable characteristics) and almost impossible to verify 45”
From Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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“While it has been shown that the empirical relationship between response rate and nonresponse bias is weak (Groves, 2006)”
From Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: Results of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project (2018) · cites this paper as Groves, 2006
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Metadata
- Authors
- Groves, R. M.
- Affiliations
- U.S. National Science Foundation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Groves, Robert M.
- Venue
- Public Opinion Quarterly
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 646-675
- ISSN
- 0033-362X (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5331
- OpenAlex
- W2116971494
- Cited by
- 2,420
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 152 · 2017: 161 · 2016: 155 · 2015: 176 · 2014: 170 · 2013: 152 · 2012: 163
- FWCI
- 193.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Public Opinion Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Census and Population Estimation
- Keywords
- nonresponse bias, nonresponse rates, household surveys, response rate, auxiliary variables
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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