The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The economic cost of inadequate sleep
Open accessAbstract
Study Objectives: To estimate the economic cost (financial and nonfinancial) of inadequate sleep in Australia for the 2016-2017 financial year and relate this to likely costs in similar economies. Methods: Analysis was undertaken using prevalence, financial, and nonfinancial cost data derived from national surveys and databases. Costs considered included the following: (1) financial costs associated with health care, informal care provided outside healthcare sector, productivity losses, nonmedical work and vehicle accident costs, deadweight loss through inefficiencies relating to lost taxation revenue and welfare payments; and (2) nonfinancial costs of loss of well-being. They were expressed in US dollars ($). Results: The estimated overall cost of inadequate sleep in Australia in 2016-2017 (population: 24.8 million) was $45.21 billion. The financial cost component was $17.88 billion, comprised of as follows: direct health costs of $160 million for sleep disorders and $1.08 billion for associated conditions; productivity losses of $12.19 billion ($5.22 billion reduced employment, $0.61 billion premature death, $1.73 billion absenteeism, and $4.63 billion presenteeism); nonmedical accident costs of $2.48 billion; informal care costs of $0.41 billion; and deadweight loss of $1.56 billion. The nonfinancial cost of reduced well-being was $27.33 billion. Conclusions: The financial and nonfinancial costs associated with inadequate sleep are substantial. The estimated total financial cost of $17.88 billion represents 1.55 per cent of Australian gross domestic product. The estimated nonfinancial cost of $27.33 billion represents 4.6 per cent of the total Australian burden of disease for the year. These costs warrant substantial investment in preventive health measures to address the issue through education and regulation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As a large proportion of the population do not meet the current sleep recommendations (7–9 h per night) [10,11]”
From Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1996) · Cited by 6,884
Marin, J. M., Carrizo, S. J., Vicente, E., & Agusti, A. G. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71141-7 · Cited by 4,678
Increased Prevalence of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adults
Peppard, P. E., Young, T., Barnet, J. H., Palta, M., Hagen, E. W., & Hla, K. M. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws342 · Cited by 4,618
Baglioni, C., Battagliese, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.011 · Cited by 2,779
Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.585 · Cited by 2,224
Cappuccio, F. P., Cooper, D., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007 · Cited by 2,146
Meta-Analysis of Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adults
Cappuccio, F. P., Taggart, F. M., Kandala, N.-B., Currie, A., Peile, E., Stranges, S., & Miller, M. A. (2008) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.5.619 · Cited by 2,076
Dinges, D. F., Pack, F. M., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Trasande, C. A., & Pack, A. I. (1997) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.4.267 · Cited by 2,018
Allen, R. P., Picchietti, D. L., Garcı́a-Borreguero, D., Ondo, W. G., Walters, A. S., Winkelman, J. W., Zucconi, M., Ferri, R., Trenkwalder, C., & Lee, H. B. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.03.025 · Cited by 1,620
Gottlieb, D. J., Yenokyan, G., Newman, A. B., O'Connor, G. T., Punjabi, N. M., Quan, S. F., Redline, S., Resnick, H. E., Tong, E. K., Diener-West, M., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.901801 · Cited by 1,551
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 70 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Hafner, 2016, Why Sleep Matters–The Economic Costs of Insufficient Sleep, 10.7249/RR1791 · DOI
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2009, Chronic Disease and Participation in Work. Cat. No. PHE 109
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010, Health System Expenditure on Disease and Injury in Australia, 2004–05. Health and Welfare Expenditure Series no. 36. Cat. No. HSE 87
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011, Young Australians: Their Health and Wellbeing 2011. Catalogue number PHE 140
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013, Diabetes Expenditure in Australia 2008–09. Cat no. CVD 62
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013, Stroke and its Management in Australia: an Update. . Cat no. CVD 62
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014, Health Care Expenditure on Cardiovascular Diseases 2008–09. Cat no. CVD 65
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017, Health Expenditure Australia 2013–14. Health Expenditure Series. Cat. No. HWE 67 2015;Australian Burden of Disease Study, BOD 4
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016, Health Expenditure in Australia 2014–15. Health and Welfare Expenditure Series, Cat. No. HWE 67
- Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, 2009, Cost of Road Crashes in Australia 2006. Report 118
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013, Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership, Australia. August, 2013, catalogue number 6310.0
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017, Average Weekly Earnings, Australia, May 2017. Catalogue number 6302.0
- Direct Health Solutions, 2016, Absence Management Report 2016
- Abelson, 2008, Establishing a Monetary Value for Lives Saved: Issues and Controversies, 2012
- Institute of Medicine Committee on Sleep Medicine, Research, 2006, The national academies collection: reports funded by National Institutes of Health
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009, National Health Survey: Summary of Results 2007–2008
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 276
McAlpine, T., Mullan, B. A., & Clarke, P. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-023-00448-0 · Cited by 17
Years of life lost due to insufficient sleep and associated economic burden in China from 2010–18
Yan, X., Han, F., Wang, H., Li, Z., Kawachi, I. I., & Li, X. (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04076 · Cited by 13
Alghosi, M., Sharifi, M., Namavari, S., Rajamand, N., Bamorovat, F., Norouzi, N., Alimoradi, M., & Konrad, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1566445 · Cited by 12
“Insufficient sleep is linked to notably reduced work performance, impaired daytime functioning, and higher health care costs (2, 3).”
Gupta, C. C., Duncan, M. J., Ferguson, S. A., Rebar, A. L., Sprajcer, M., Khalesi, S., Booker, L. A., Binks, H., & Vincent, G. E. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.1876693 · Cited by 13
“82 USD billion (AUD), highlighting the economic burden placed on the healthcare system in Australia from inadequate sleep (Hillman et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial and environmental impacts on sleep in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Evison, E., McKenzie, A., & Holmes, L. (2020) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21568 · Cited by 13
Chaabane, S., Chaabna, K., Khawaja, S., Aboughanem, J., Mamtani, R., & Cheema, S. (2025) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.15.04099 · Cited by 15
Treatment Failure and Long-Term Prescription Risk for Guideline-Recommended Hypnotics in Japan
Takeshima, M., Yoshizawa, K., Ogasawara, M., Kudo, M., Itoh, Y., Ayabe, N., & Mishima, K. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.6865 · Cited by 12
Weighted blankets for sleep problems – prescription, use and cost analysis
Odéus, E., Pauli, E., Steingrímsson, S., Cederlund, M., Franzén, S., Helgesson, C., Nyström, K., Sondell, J., & Opheim, A. I. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2022.2066017 · Cited by 16
“55% of gross domestic product in some countries [11].”
BackgroundSleep apnea severity based on estimated tidal volume and snoring features from tracheal signals
Ghahjaverestan, N. M., Saha, S., Kabir, M., Gavrilović, B., Zhu, K., & Yadollahi, A. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13490 · Cited by 12
“K E Y W O R D S acoustic analysis, sleep apnea, snoring, tidal volume, tracheal sounds of individuals with a high risk of sleep apnea are not diagnosed (Kapur et al., 2002), which is estimated to cost about $150B in the USA (Medicine, 2016) and $25B in Australia (Hillman et al., 2018).”
BackgroundLoss of disability-adjusted life years due to heat-related sleep disturbance in the Japanese
Ihara, T., NARUMI, D., Fukuda, S., Kondo, H., & Genchi, Y. (2022) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-022-00419-z · Cited by 12
Fudolig, M. I., Bloomfield, L. S. P., Price, M., Bird, Y. M., Hidalgo, J. E., Kim, J. N., Llorin, J., Lovato, J. L., McGinnis, E. W., McGinnis, R. S., et al. (2024) · Digital Biomarkers · doi:10.1159/000539487 · Cited by 13
Vincent, G. E., Gupta, C. C., Sprajcer, M., Vandelanotte, C., Duncan, M. J., Tucker, P., Lastella, M., Tuckwell, G. A., & Ferguson, S. A. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040613 · Cited by 11
Roncero, C., Armenteros, L., Bellido-Cambrón, C., Guijarro, A. B., & Cibeira, E. G. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1547488 · Cited by 11
“As a result, sleep disturbances pose a high burden on individuals, healthcare systems, and society at large (Rosekind et al., 2010; Hillman et al., 2018).”
Billings, M. E., & Pendharkar, S. R. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.10.005 · Cited by 11
A Narrative Review on Obstructive Sleep Apnea in China: A Sleeping Giant in Disease Pathology
Wei, Y., Liu, Y., Ayas, N. T., & Laher, I. (2022) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm_49_22 · Cited by 11
Meaklim, H., Abbott, J.-A., Kennedy, G. A., Murray, G., Klein, B., & Rehm, I. C. (2018) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12374 · Cited by 11
“However, many people with insomnia have medical and psychiatric co-morbidities (Anderson et al., 2014; Jernelov et al., 2012; Ritterband et al., 2009; Strom et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 2008; van Straten et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAcupoint Catgut Embedding for Insomnia: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Li, W., Li, Z., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Chen, H., & Xiong, L. (2020) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2020/5450824 · Cited by 11
Sleep disorders and gout in Australian adults
New‐Tolley, J., Reynolds, A. C., Appleton, S., Gill, T. K., Lester, S., Adams, R., & Hill, C. L. (2021) · BMC Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/s41927-021-00199-y · Cited by 9
Years of life gained when meeting sleep duration recommendations in Canada
Chaput, J., Carrier, J., Bastien, C., Gariépy, G., & Janssen, I. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.08.006 · Cited by 9
The Effects of Daylight Saving Time Adjustments on Investor Information Processing
Kleppe, T. J., Pierce, A. T., Wiebe, Z., & Yohn, T. L. (2023) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/tar-2021-0369 · Cited by 9
Klingman, K. J., & Sprey, J. (2019) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000000232 · Cited by 8
Association Between Childhood Behavioral Problems and Insomnia Symptoms in Adulthood
Melaku, Y. A., Appleton, S., Reynolds, A. C., Sweetman, A., Stevens, D. J., Lack, L. C., & Adams, R. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.10861 · Cited by 11
Myotonic dystrophy type 1: reasons to be OPTIMISTIC
Gagnon, C., Gallais, B., & Laberge, L. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30240-0 · Cited by 9
Benz, F., Grolig, L., Hannibal, S., Buntrock, C., Cuijpers, P. J., Domschke, K., Ebert, D. D., Ell, J., Janneck, M., Jenkner, C., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08214-6 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, economic costs arise from both absenteeism and reduced productivity while at work (i.e., presenteeism) [9], along with increased healthcare utilisation [10, 11].”
BackgroundDietary Protocols to Promote and Improve Restful Sleep: A Narrative Review
Conti, F. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf062 · Cited by 10
Brown, B. W. J., Adams, R. J., Wanstall, S. E., Crowther, M. E., Rawson, G., Vakulin, A., Rayner, T., McEvoy, R. D., Eastwood, P. R., & Reynolds, A. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69479-0 · Cited by 8
The Health Economics of Sleep Disorders Among Older Adults
Mohit, B., & Wickwire, E. M. (2020) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-020-00166-y · Cited by 10
Schousboe, J. T., Kats, A. M., Stone, K. L., Langsetmo, L., Vo, T., BLACKWELL, T. L., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Ensrud, K. E. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa073 · Cited by 8
Kratzel, L., Glos, M., Veauthier, C., Rekow, S., François, C., Fietze, I., & Penzel, T. (2021) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/abdb7e · Cited by 8
Holmen, H., Riiser, K., Løyland, B., Sandbekken, I. H., Almendingen, K., Andenæs, R., Bjørnnes, A. K., Fagerlund, B. H., Früh, E. A., Helseth, S., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043697 · Cited by 8
Nielson, S. A., Taylor, J., Simmons, Z., Decker, A. N., Kay, D. B., & Cribbet, M. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115644 · Cited by 9
“21 billion [43], while the economic cost of insomnia was estimated at $6.”
BackgroundRusanen, M., Kainulainen, S., Korkalainen, H., Kalevo, L., Myllymaa, K., Leppänen, T., Töyräs, J., Arnardóttir, E. S., & Myllymaa, S. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3128057 · Cited by 8
The association between sleep disorders, employment, and income among adults in the United States
Huyett, P., & Bhattacharyya, N. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10040 · Cited by 8
Subotic-Kerry, M., Werner‐Seidler, A., Corkish, B., Batterham, P. J., Sicouri, G., Hudson, J. L., Christensen, H. M., O’Dea, B., & Li, S. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05185-x · Cited by 10
Wolkow, A. P., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Anderson, C., Howard, M. E., & Mansfield, D. R. (2019) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.14423 · Cited by 8
Sulthana, H., Jan, A., Verma, A., Sah, R., Mehta, R., Ullah, A., Rahim, A., Alqudimat, M. R., & Ullah, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1662234 · Cited by 7
“Deficiency of sleep can affect productivity and economic growth of individual as well as the nation (35).”
Determinants and interrelations of exercise effects on sleep quality: A multimethod meta-analysis
Zhide, L., Zhao, S., Tian, S., Wang, C., Zhang, M., Xu, K., Yin, M., Ng, S., & Ning, Z. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102239 · Cited by 10
The future of education in sleep science and medicine in Europe: Report of an ESRS workshop
McNicholas, W. T., Arnardóttir, E. S., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Pevernagie, D., Penzel, T., Peigneux, P., Grote, L., van der Werf, Y. D., de Jongh, F. H., Schmidt, M. H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14454 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, sleep loss and sleep disorders have a major impact on health costs which was estimated to be as high as 2% – 6% of the gross domestic product in Australia and other developed countries (Hillman et al., 2018; Hafner et al., 2017; Golombek et al., 2024).”
Sprajcer, M. A., O’Mullan, C., Reynolds, A. C., Paterson, J. L., Bachmann, A., & Lastella, M. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220005 · Cited by 7
“Sleep problems have a significant economic impact due to the cost of medical care, lost work, reduced productivity, and accidents/injuries 1 .”
BackgroundFuentes-Senise, C., & García‐Corpas, J. P. (2022) · Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) · doi:10.30827/ars.v64i1.26223 · Cited by 7
“Its high prevalence generates considerable costs for health systems(4).”
BackgroundExamining the influence of inflammatory bowel disease medications on sleep quality
Barnes, A., Spizzo, P., Bampton, P. A., Andrews, J. M., Fraser, R. J., Mukherjee, S., & Mountifield, R. E. (2023) · JGH Open · doi:10.1002/jgh3.12871 · Cited by 6
Air Pollution Impacts on Health Care Expenditure in China: Evidence and Mechanisms
Wang, S., Wang, C., & Wang, H. (2021) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2023.2206105 · Cited by 8
“This finding is echoed by Hillman et al. (2018), Sari (2009), and Jemna et al. (2022).”
ResultSleep Quality and Duration Best Predict Quality of Life in College Students
Oliver, M. D., Baldwin, D. R., Maples, O. M., Hakeem, F. E., & Datta, S. (2018) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-018-0053-x · Cited by 6
Masoud, O., Ramsay, M., Suh, E.-S., Kaltsakas, G., Srivastava, S. A., Pattani, H., Marino, P. S., Murphy, P. B., Hart, N., & Steier, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-cus-2020-003 · Cited by 6
Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated with Short Sleep Duration via Objective Measures
Barnes, A., Mukherjee, S., Andrews, J. M., Spizzo, P., & Mountifield, R. E. (2024) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-024-08485-8 · Cited by 6
“Short sleep duration, in the general population, has been associated with increased all-cause mortality [3], adverse health effects including cardiovascular disease [4], and metabolic syndrome [5], as well as economic consequences such as lower productivity and greater health care utilisation [6].”
BackgroundQuantified Sleep: Self-Tracking Technologies and the Reshaping of 21st-Century Subjectivity
Cristofaro, D. D., & Chiodo, S. (2023) · PubMed · doi:10.12759/hsr.48.2023.21 · Cited by 6
Turner, M., Laws, M., Griffiths, M., Turner, K., Dempsey, L., Laws, S. M., & Cruickshank, T. M. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14107 · Cited by 6
“A recent investigation in Australia reported the economic cost of inadequate sleep (encompassing those with insufficient sleep and sleep disorders) to be AU $17.9 billion annually, with 68% of productivity losses attributed to absenteeism and presenteeism (Hillman et al., 2018).”
InfluentialHowarth, T. P., Tashakori, M., Karhu, T., Rusanen, M., Pitkänen, H., Oksenberg, A., & Nikkonen, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1367860 · Cited by 6
“EDS is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents (2, 3), decreased quality of life (4, 5), reduced work productivity (4, 6), and significant economic burden (7, 8).”
BackgroundSleep quality among patients with chronic illness in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Edmealem, A., Tegegne, B., Alem, G., Zeleke, H., Ayenew, T., Birhanie, S. A., Gebeyew, A. S., Tomiso, B., Getahun, A., Wondie, T., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1365463 · Cited by 6
“The importance of maintaining adequate sleep quality and quantity has relevance beyond reducing healthcare spending, improving morale, and improving productivity (4).”
BackgroundLeppänen, T., Kulkas, A., Töyräs, J., Myllymaa, S., Gadoth, N., & Oksenberg, A. (2020) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-020-02047-8 · Cited by 6
“Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a heterogeneous nocturnal breathing disorder with significant public health consequences [1].”
BackgroundAshkanani, F., Lindsey, L., & Rathbone, A. P. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1093/ijpp/riac102 · Cited by 6
Imaging of sleep-disordered breathing in adults
Whyte, A., & Gibson, D. J. (2020) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2020.05.017 · Cited by 9
The cost of insufficient sleep: are we sacrificing one valuable resource for another?
Mohit, B. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy151 · Cited by 6
Hirschtritt, M. E., Walker, M. P., & Krystal, A. D. (2023) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-023-00085-1 · Cited by 7
Cheong, E., Rhee, Y., Kim, C. O., Kim, H. C., Hong, N., & Shin, Y. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.037 · Cited by 6
Doherty, I. A., & Wells, M. E. (2025) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2025.100106 · Cited by 5
Lim, J. Y. L., Boardman, J. M., Anderson, C., Dickinson, D. L., Bennett, D., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14161 · Cited by 5
“Insufficient sleep in the workforce results in loss of productivity and erratic decision-making, incurring heavy costs for the economy (Hafner et al., 2017; Hillman et al., 2018).”
Sleep and Help Seeking Behaviours in Australia: A Narrative Review
Attard, K., Adams, R. J., Vakulin, A., & Reynolds, A. C. (2019) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902029 · Cited by 5
Sleep Restriction Effects on BP: Systematic Review & Meta-analysis of RCTs
Hu, S., Jing, S., & Gao, Y. (2019) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945919868143 · Cited by 5
“55% of Australian gross domestic product (Hillman et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialArakaki, F. H., Angelis, K. D., Hachul, H., Morelhao, P. K., Tufik, S. B., & Andersen, M. L. (2022) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2022.100023 · Cited by 6
Eom, S., Lee, S., Lee, J., Sohn, S.-O., Lee, J., & Park, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232214177 · Cited by 5
Editorial: Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Brain
Gouveris, H. T., & Eckert, D. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2018.00078 · Cited by 5
“These mechanistic and clinical concepts pave the way for targeted therapy or “precision sleep medicine” to reduce the adverse health, safety, and social impact of untreated sleep disordered breathing (10).”
BackgroundPeters, A., Reece, J., Meaklim, H., Junge, M., Cunnington, D., Ong, J. C., Jackson, M., & Greenwood, K. M. (2021) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2020.18 · Cited by 4
Occupational and Driving Challenges Within Sleep Medicine
Pilkington‐Cheney, F., & McNicholas, W. T. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70063 · Cited by 4
“The cost of poor sleep has been estimated to range between $322 and $1967 per employee (Glick et al. 2023) with Hillman et al. (2018) suggesting an overall cost in Australia of $45.21 billion (2016–2017), made up of financial costs (e.g., healthcare, productivity, reduced employment, premature…”
InfluentialKomatsu, M., Takeshima, M., Yoshizawa, K., Ogasawara, M., Kudo, M., Miyakoshi, E., Itoh, Y., Shibata, N., Ayabe, N., & Mishima, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1471457 · Cited by 6
“…only affects patients by causing distress (3), functional impairment (4), and reduced quality of life (5), but also has broader societal and economic consequences, including increased healthcare costs (6, 7), reduced work productivity (8 – 10), workplace accidents (11), and traf fi c accidents (12).”
Michael, C., Taxali, A., Angstadt, M., McCurry, K. L., Weigard, A. S., Kardan, O., Molloy, M. F., Toda-Thorne, K., Burchell, L., Dziubinski, M., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100522 · Cited by 5
“Shorter sleep increases risk for impaired regulation over behavior, cognition, and emotion (1,3,5); is especially common in adolescence (6); disrupts brain development (12); and incurs substantial societal costs (67).”
Kaambwa, B., Woods, T.-J., Natsky, A. N., Bulamu, N. B., Mpundu‐Kaambwa, C., Loffler, K. A., Sweetman, A., CATCHESIDE, P. G., Reynolds, A. C., Adams, R., et al. (2024) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-023-01349-5 · Cited by 4
“The annual social and economic cost of sleep disorders in Australia was estimated at $35.4 billion in 2021 [27], albeit down from $45.21 billion in 2017 [28].”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes Willingness to Pay Differ for Mental and Physical Health?
Eaton, E., & Hunt, A. S. P. (2024) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2024.06.009 · Cited by 5
Lattanzi, S., Brigo, F., & Silvestrini, M. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13423 · Cited by 6
Ekwaru, J. P., Öhinmaa, A., & Veugelers, P. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041101 · Cited by 4
“In addition to lack of physical activity, sedentary activity and inadequate sleep have also been shown to contribute to health care costs [56,57].”
BackgroundLomas, K. J., Morgan, K., Haines, V., Hartescu, I., Beizaee, A., Barnes, J., Zambelli, Z., Ravikumar, M., & Rossi, V. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086797 · Cited by 4
Li, H., & Guan, Y. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/859256 · Cited by 4
Weihs, A., Frenzel, S., Bi, H., Schiel, J. E., Afshani, M., Bülow, R., Ewert, R., Fietze, I., Hoffstaedter, F., Jahanshad, N., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2203610/v1 · Cited by 4
Focus on Multidisciplinary Aspects of Sleep Medicine
Cicolin, A., & Ferini‐Strambi, L. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13091327 · Cited by 4
Li, R., He, Y., Bie, Y., Guo, J., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Zhong, J., & Zhu, W. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16050802 · Cited by 3
“Sleep disorders, including insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, represent a major global health challenge, significantly increasing healthcare costs and morbidity related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases [1–3].”
Memari, A., Shahrbabaki, P. M., Zakeri, M. A., & Ahmadinejad, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1269402 · Cited by 4
“Healthcare systems worldwide spend substantial amounts of money on compensating for damages related to sleep problems (31).”
BackgroundSzeto, K., Maher, C. A., Curtis, R., Singh, B., Cain, T., Beckett, D., & Ferguson, T. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13111215 · Cited by 6
“…is substantial, with physical inactivity costing international healthcare systems INT 53.8 billion in 2013 [8], poor diet costing the United States approximately USD 50 billion per year [9], and the estimated overall cost of inadequate sleep costing Australia AUD 45.21 billion in 2016–2017 [10].”
InfluentialTo advance sleep science, let’s study change
Simon, K. C. N. S., & Duggan, K. A. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf155 · Cited by 2
“Finally,inadequate sleep is costly; insufficient sleep costs the United States over 1 million working days annually [20], and total financial costs are more than 1.5 per cent of the Australian gross domestic product [21].”
InfluentialLöfvander, M. B., Beckman, L. J., & von Kobyletzki, L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217886 · Cited by 3
“Longstanding sleep problems increase the risk of mental and physical illness, but have daytime consequences as well, such as slower responses to challenging tasks, all leading to raised costs for health care and accidents [4–8].”
BackgroundFeng, Y., Wu, J., Yuan, M., Xu, T., Li, J., & Hou, D. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.07.032 · Cited by 3
Bègue, L., Raoul, G., Barry, F., & Nicot, R. (2024) · Journal of Stomatology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jormas.2024.102075 · Cited by 3
Hietakoste, S., Karhu, T., Lombardi, C., Julián, P. A., Bailón, R., Duce, B., Sillanmäki, S., Töyräs, J., Leppänen, T., Myllymaa, S., et al. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae282 · Cited by 3
Daytime Sleepiness Level Prediction Using Respiratory Information
Shinoda, K., Yoshii, M., Yamaguchi, H., & Kaji, H. (2019) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2019/827 · Cited by 3
Hingley, L., Jeiranikhameneh, A., Beirne, S., Peoples, G. E., Jones, A., Sayyar, S., Eastwood, P. R., Lewis, R., Wallace, G. G., & MacKay, S. G. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36913 · Cited by 3
Cho, J. H. (2023) · Journal of rhinology · doi:10.18787/jr.2022.00416 · Cited by 3
“…[21], and the population-attributable fractions of OSA for complications are very small showing a value of 4.8% for coronary heart disease, 1.5% for heart failure, 4.8% for stroke, 3.6% for depression, 1.7% for diabetes, 3.8% for vehicle accidents, and 1.3% for work-related accidents [7,22].”
InfluentialCardiopulmonary coupling analysis using smart wearables and mobile computing
Schüler, W., Spicher, N., & Deserno, T. M. (2021) · Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/cdbme-2021-2074 · Cited by 3
“Sleep-related disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, are widely spread and lead to negative short- and long-term consequences [1].”
BackgroundHealth Economics of Sleep Disorders
Mohit, B., Chang, R., & Wickwire, E. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_7 · Cited by 3
Spanish Adaptation of the Groningen Sleep Quality Scale (GSQS-8)
Serrano-Fernández, M.-J., Boada‐Grau, J., Robert-Sentís, L., Boada-Cuerva, M., Vigil‐Colet, A., & Assens-Serra, J. (2021) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy19.sags · Cited by 3
STAR sleep recording export software for automatic export and anonymization of sleep studies
Nikkonen, S., Korkalainen, H., Töyräs, J., & Leppänen, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19892-0 · Cited by 3
Sleep restriction increases reward sensitivity during sequential updating
Lim, J. Y. L., Bennett, D., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf354 · Cited by 2
“Insufficient sleep in the workforce imposes a substantial economic impact through reducing productivity and increasing errors in decision making [4, 5].”
Light Pollution: Economic Valuation Methods and a Market Solution
Su, J. (2022) · Advances in economics, business and management research/Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-052-7_147 · Cited by 2
Casaclang, R. I. M., Manahan, J. A. P. L., Pineda, D. C. A., Villaflor, N. M. N., & Damirson, A. C. (2023) · International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM) · doi:10.46254/an13.20230591 · Cited by 2
Let me sleep on it: sleep and investor reactions to earnings surprises
Gonzalez, A., & Li, X. (2024) · European Journal of Finance · doi:10.1080/1351847x.2023.2287065 · Cited by 2
The interdisciplinary field of Sleep Medicine—time for dentists to sink their teeth into it!
Cistulli, P. A., & Balasubramaniam, R. (2024) · Australian Dental Journal · doi:10.1111/adj.13044 · Cited by 2
Seeking professional help for sleep-related complaints
Rauch, L., Schneider, T., & Wendt, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1430574 · Cited by 5
Thorne, H. B., Sophocleous, R. M., Sprajcer, M. A., Shriane, A. E., Duncan, M. J., Ferguson, S. A., Vandelanotte, C., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., Gupta, C. C., Rigney, G., et al. (2025) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2025.2476687 · Cited by 2
“2 and USD400 billion annually, respectively (Hafner et al., 2017; Hillman et al., 2018).”
Hypersomnolence in focus: a white paper of the 6th Think Tank World Sleep Forum
Silvani, A., Bassetti, C., Bradicich, M., Dodel, R., Strambi, L. F., Hajak, G., Hedner, J., Heinzer, R., Javaheri, S., Jennum, P., et al. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106607 · Cited by 2
“Studies in Australia estimated that these costs contribute approximately 1 % of the total costs for inadequate sleep, mostly with EDS [137], and of moderate to severe OSA with EDS [138].”
The asymmetric relationship between smoking and sleep: Longitudinal findings from Dutch panel data
Doornenbal, B. M., & Spisak, B. R. (2021) · Population Medicine · doi:10.18332/popmed/142891 · Cited by 2
Bao, J., Han, J., Kato, A., & Kunze, K. (2020) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3410530.3414415 · Cited by 2
“Besides vehicle accidents, the economic loss caused by sleepiness was reported in recent studies [9, 10].”
BackgroundZirkadiane Uhren und Schlaf – nachgeschaltete Funktion oder Crosstalk?
Begemann, K., & Oster, H. (2020) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-020-00275-4 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Hillman, D., Mitchell, S., Streatfeild, J., Burns, C., Bruck, D., & Pezzullo, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Health Economics and Social Policy Team, Deloitte Access Economics, Canberra, Australia
- Victoria University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hillman, David
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-06-04
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 8
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2806077392
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 34.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- vuir.vu.edu.au
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sleep Health Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Keywords
- insufficient sleep, sleep disorders, productivity loss, presenteeism, absenteeism, informal care, premature mortality, deadweight loss, disease burden, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Absenteeism, Accidents, Australia, Efficiency, Health Expenditures, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Public Health, Sleep, Prevalence, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
